\section{\module{inspect} ---         Inspect live objects} \declaremodule{standard}{inspect}\modulesynopsis{Extract information and source code from live objects.}\moduleauthor{Ka-Ping Yee}{ping@lfw.org}\sectionauthor{Ka-Ping Yee}{ping@lfw.org} \versionadded{2.1} The \module{inspect} module provides several useful functionsto help get information about live objects such as modules,classes, methods, functions, tracebacks, frame objects, andcode objects.  For example, it can help you examine thecontents of a class, retrieve the source code of a method,extract and format the argument list for a function, orget all the information you need to display a detailed traceback. There are four main kinds of services provided by this module:type checking, getting source code, inspecting classesand functions, and examining the interpreter stack. \subsection{Types and members            \label{inspect-types}} The \function{getmembers()} function retrieves the membersof an object such as a class or module.The eleven functions whose names begin with ``is'' are mainlyprovided as convenient choices for the second argument to\function{getmembers()}.  They also help you determine whenyou can expect to find the following special attributes: \begin{tableiv}{c|l|l|c}{}{Type}{Attribute}{Description}{Notes}  \lineiv{module}{__doc__}{documentation string}{}  \lineiv{}{__file__}{filename (missing for built-in modules)}{}  \hline  \lineiv{class}{__doc__}{documentation string}{}  \lineiv{}{__module__}{name of module in which this class was defined}{}  \hline  \lineiv{method}{__doc__}{documentation string}{}  \lineiv{}{__name__}{name with which this method was defined}{}  \lineiv{}{im_class}{class object that asked for this method}{(1)}  \lineiv{}{im_func}{function object containing implementation of method}{}  \lineiv{}{im_self}{instance to which this method is bound, or \code{None}}{}  \hline  \lineiv{function}{__doc__}{documentation string}{}  \lineiv{}{__name__}{name with which this function was defined}{}  \lineiv{}{func_code}{code object containing compiled function bytecode}{}  \lineiv{}{func_defaults}{tuple of any default values for arguments}{}  \lineiv{}{func_doc}{(same as __doc__)}{}  \lineiv{}{func_globals}{global namespace in which this function was defined}{}  \lineiv{}{func_name}{(same as __name__)}{}  \hline  \lineiv{traceback}{tb_frame}{frame object at this level}{}  \lineiv{}{tb_lasti}{index of last attempted instruction in bytecode}{}  \lineiv{}{tb_lineno}{current line number in Python source code}{}  \lineiv{}{tb_next}{next inner traceback object (called by this level)}{}  \hline  \lineiv{frame}{f_back}{next outer frame object (this frame's caller)}{}  \lineiv{}{f_builtins}{built-in namespace seen by this frame}{}  \lineiv{}{f_code}{code object being executed in this frame}{}  \lineiv{}{f_exc_traceback}{traceback if raised in this frame, or \code{None}}{}  \lineiv{}{f_exc_type}{exception type if raised in this frame, or \code{None}}{}  \lineiv{}{f_exc_value}{exception value if raised in this frame, or \code{None}}{}  \lineiv{}{f_globals}{global namespace seen by this frame}{}  \lineiv{}{f_lasti}{index of last attempted instruction in bytecode}{}  \lineiv{}{f_lineno}{current line number in Python source code}{}  \lineiv{}{f_locals}{local namespace seen by this frame}{}  \lineiv{}{f_restricted}{0 or 1 if frame is in restricted execution mode}{}  \lineiv{}{f_trace}{tracing function for this frame, or \code{None}}{}  \hline  \lineiv{code}{co_argcount}{number of arguments (not including * or ** args)}{}  \lineiv{}{co_code}{string of raw compiled bytecode}{}  \lineiv{}{co_consts}{tuple of constants used in the bytecode}{}  \lineiv{}{co_filename}{name of file in which this code object was created}{}  \lineiv{}{co_firstlineno}{number of first line in Python source code}{}  \lineiv{}{co_flags}{bitmap: 1=optimized \code{|} 2=newlocals \code{|} 4=*arg \code{|} 8=**arg}{}  \lineiv{}{co_lnotab}{encoded mapping of line numbers to bytecode indices}{}  \lineiv{}{co_name}{name with which this code object was defined}{}  \lineiv{}{co_names}{tuple of names of local variables}{}  \lineiv{}{co_nlocals}{number of local variables}{}  \lineiv{}{co_stacksize}{virtual machine stack space required}{}  \lineiv{}{co_varnames}{tuple of names of arguments and local variables}{}  \hline  \lineiv{builtin}{__doc__}{documentation string}{}  \lineiv{}{__name__}{original name of this function or method}{}  \lineiv{}{__self__}{instance to which a method is bound, or \code{None}}{}\end{tableiv} \noindentNote:\begin{description}\item[(1)]\versionchanged[\member{im_class} used to refer to the class that                defined the method]{2.2}\end{description}  \begin{funcdesc}{getmembers}{object\optional{, predicate}}  Return all the members of an object in a list of (name, value) pairs  sorted by name.  If the optional \var{predicate} argument is supplied,  only members for which the predicate returns a true value are included.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getmoduleinfo}{path}  Return a tuple of values that describe how Python will interpret the  file identified by \var{path} if it is a module, or \code{None} if  it would not be identified as a module.  The return tuple is  \code{(\var{name}, \var{suffix}, \var{mode}, \var{mtype})}, where  \var{name} is the name of the module without the name of any  enclosing package, \var{suffix} is the trailing part of the file  name (which may not be a dot-delimited extension), \var{mode} is the  \function{open()} mode that would be used (\code{'r'} or  \code{'rb'}), and \var{mtype} is an integer giving the type of the  module.  \var{mtype} will have a value which can be compared to the  constants defined in the \refmodule{imp} module; see the  documentation for that module for more information on module types.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getmodulename}{path}  Return the name of the module named by the file \var{path}, without  including the names of enclosing packages.  This uses the same  algorithm as the interpreter uses when searching for modules.  If  the name cannot be matched according to the interpreter's rules,  \code{None} is returned.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{ismodule}{object}  Return true if the object is a module.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{isclass}{object}  Return true if the object is a class.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{ismethod}{object}  Return true if the object is a method.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{isfunction}{object}  Return true if the object is a Python function or unnamed (lambda) function.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{istraceback}{object}  Return true if the object is a traceback.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{isframe}{object}  Return true if the object is a frame.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{iscode}{object}  Return true if the object is a code.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{isbuiltin}{object}  Return true if the object is a built-in function.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{isroutine}{object}  Return true if the object is a user-defined or built-in function or method.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{ismethoddescriptor}{object}  Return true if the object is a method descriptor, but not if ismethod() or   isclass() or isfunction() are true.   This is new as of Python 2.2, and, for example, is true of int.__add__.  An object passing this test has a __get__ attribute but not a __set__  attribute, but beyond that the set of attributes varies.  __name__ is  usually sensible, and __doc__ often is.   Methods implemented via descriptors that also pass one of the other  tests return false from the ismethoddescriptor() test, simply because  the other tests promise more -- you can, e.g., count on having the  im_func attribute (etc) when an object passes ismethod().\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{isdatadescriptor}{object}  Return true if the object is a data descriptor.   Data descriptors have both a __get__ and a __set__ attribute.  Examples are  properties (defined in Python), getsets, and members.  The latter two are  defined in C and there are more specific tests available for those types,  which is robust across Python implementations.  Typically, data descriptors  will also have __name__ and __doc__ attributes (properties, getsets, and  members have both of these attributes), but this is not guaranteed.\versionadded{2.3}\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{isgetsetdescriptor}{object}  Return true if the object is a getset descriptor.   getsets are attributes defined in extension modules via \code{PyGetSetDef}  structures.  For Python implementations without such types, this method will  always return \code{False}.\versionadded{2.5}\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{ismemberdescriptor}{object}  Return true if the object is a member descriptor.   Member descriptors are attributes defined in extension modules via  \code{PyMemberDef} structures.  For Python implementations without such  types, this method will always return \code{False}.\versionadded{2.5}\end{funcdesc} \subsection{Retrieving source code            \label{inspect-source}} \begin{funcdesc}{getdoc}{object}  Get the documentation string for an object.  All tabs are expanded to spaces.  To clean up docstrings that are  indented to line up with blocks of code, any whitespace than can be  uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getcomments}{object}  Return in a single string any lines of comments immediately preceding  the object's source code (for a class, function, or method), or at the  top of the Python source file (if the object is a module).\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getfile}{object}  Return the name of the (text or binary) file in which an object was  defined.  This will fail with a \exception{TypeError} if the object  is a built-in module, class, or function.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getmodule}{object}  Try to guess which module an object was defined in.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getsourcefile}{object}  Return the name of the Python source file in which an object was  defined.  This will fail with a \exception{TypeError} if the object  is a built-in module, class, or function.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getsourcelines}{object}  Return a list of source lines and starting line number for an object.  The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,  or code object.  The source code is returned as a list of the lines  corresponding to the object and the line number indicates where in the  original source file the first line of code was found.  An  \exception{IOError} is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getsource}{object}  Return the text of the source code for an object.  The argument may be a module, class, method, function, traceback, frame,  or code object.  The source code is returned as a single string.  An  \exception{IOError} is raised if the source code cannot be retrieved.\end{funcdesc} \subsection{Classes and functions            \label{inspect-classes-functions}} \begin{funcdesc}{getclasstree}{classes\optional{, unique}}  Arrange the given list of classes into a hierarchy of nested lists.  Where a nested list appears, it contains classes derived from the class  whose entry immediately precedes the list.  Each entry is a 2-tuple  containing a class and a tuple of its base classes.  If the \var{unique}  argument is true, exactly one entry appears in the returned structure  for each class in the given list.  Otherwise, classes using multiple  inheritance and their descendants will appear multiple times.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getargspec}{func}  Get the names and default values of a function's arguments.  A tuple of four things is returned: \code{(\var{args},    \var{varargs}, \var{varkw}, \var{defaults})}.  \var{args} is a list of the argument names (it may contain nested lists).  \var{varargs} and \var{varkw} are the names of the \code{*} and  \code{**} arguments or \code{None}.  \var{defaults} is a tuple of default argument values or None if there are no  default arguments; if this tuple has \var{n} elements, they correspond to  the last \var{n} elements listed in \var{args}.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getargvalues}{frame}  Get information about arguments passed into a particular frame.  A tuple of four things is returned: \code{(\var{args},    \var{varargs}, \var{varkw}, \var{locals})}.  \var{args} is a list of the argument names (it may contain nested  lists).  \var{varargs} and \var{varkw} are the names of the \code{*} and  \code{**} arguments or \code{None}.  \var{locals} is the locals dictionary of the given frame.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{formatargspec}{args\optional{, varargs, varkw, defaults,      formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join}}   Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by  \function{getargspec()}.  The format* arguments are the  corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn  names and values into strings.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{formatargvalues}{args\optional{, varargs, varkw, locals,      formatarg, formatvarargs, formatvarkw, formatvalue, join}}  Format a pretty argument spec from the four values returned by  \function{getargvalues()}.  The format* arguments are the  corresponding optional formatting functions that are called to turn  names and values into strings.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getmro}{cls}  Return a tuple of class cls's base classes, including cls, in  method resolution order.  No class appears more than once in this tuple.  Note that the method resolution order depends on cls's type.  Unless a  very peculiar user-defined metatype is in use, cls will be the first  element of the tuple.\end{funcdesc} \subsection{The interpreter stack            \label{inspect-stack}} When the following functions return ``frame records,'' each recordis a tuple of six items: the frame object, the filename,the line number of the current line, the function name, a list oflines of context from the source code, and the index of the currentline within that list. \begin{notice}[warning]Keeping references to frame objects, as found inthe first element of the frame records these functions return, cancause your program to create reference cycles.  Once a reference cyclehas been created, the lifespan of all objects which can be accessedfrom the objects which form the cycle can become much longer even ifPython's optional cycle detector is enabled.  If such cycles must becreated, it is important to ensure they are explicitly broken to avoidthe delayed destruction of objects and increased memory consumptionwhich occurs. Though the cycle detector will catch these, destruction of the frames(and local variables) can be made deterministic by removing the cyclein a \keyword{finally} clause.  This is also important if the cycledetector was disabled when Python was compiled or using\function{\refmodule{gc}.disable()}.  For example: \begin{verbatim}def handle_stackframe_without_leak():    frame = inspect.currentframe()    try:        # do something with the frame    finally:        del frame\end{verbatim}\end{notice} The optional \var{context} argument supported by most of thesefunctions specifies the number of lines of context to return, whichare centered around the current line. \begin{funcdesc}{getframeinfo}{frame\optional{, context}}  Get information about a frame or traceback object.  A 5-tuple  is returned, the last five elements of the frame's frame record.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getouterframes}{frame\optional{, context}}  Get a list of frame records for a frame and all outer frames.  These  frames represent the calls that lead to the creation of \var{frame}.  The first entry in the returned list represents \var{frame}; the  last entry represents the outermost call on \var{frame}'s stack.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{getinnerframes}{traceback\optional{, context}}  Get a list of frame records for a traceback's frame and all inner  frames.  These frames represent calls made as a consequence of  \var{frame}.  The first entry in the list represents  \var{traceback}; the last entry represents where the exception was  raised.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{currentframe}{}  Return the frame object for the caller's stack frame.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{stack}{\optional{context}}  Return a list of frame records for the caller's stack.  The first  entry in the returned list represents the caller; the last entry  represents the outermost call on the stack.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{trace}{\optional{context}}  Return a list of frame records for the stack between the current  frame and the frame in which an exception currently being handled  was raised in.  The first entry in the list represents the caller;  the last entry represents where the exception was raised.\end{funcdesc}