________________________________________________________________________ PYBENCH - A Python Benchmark Suite________________________________________________________________________      Extendable suite of of low-level benchmarks for measuring          the performance of the Python implementation                  (interpreter, compiler or VM). pybench is a collection of tests that provides a standardized way tomeasure the performance of Python implementations. It takes a veryclose look at different aspects of Python programs and let's youdecide which factors are more important to you than others, ratherthan wrapping everything up in one number, like the other performancetests do (e.g. pystone which is included in the Python StandardLibrary). pybench has been used in the past by several Python developers totrack down performance bottlenecks or to demonstrate the impact ofoptimizations and new features in Python. The command line interface for pybench is the file pybench.py. Runthis script with option '--help' to get a listing of the possibleoptions. Without options, pybench will simply execute the benchmarkand then print out a report to stdout.  Micro-Manual------------ Run 'pybench.py -h' to see the help screen.  Run 'pybench.py' to runthe benchmark suite using default settings and 'pybench.py -f <file>'to have it store the results in a file too. It is usually a good idea to run pybench.py multiple times to seewhether the environment, timers and benchmark run-times are suitablefor doing benchmark tests.  You can use the comparison feature of pybench.py ('pybench.py -c<file>') to check how well the system behaves in comparison to areference run.  If the differences are well below 10% for each test, then you have asystem that is good for doing benchmark testings.  Of you get randomdifferences of more than 10% or significant differences between thevalues for minimum and average time, then you likely have somebackground processes running which cause the readings to becomeinconsistent. Examples include: web-browsers, email clients, RSSreaders, music players, backup programs, etc. If you are only interested in a few tests of the whole suite, you canuse the filtering option, e.g. 'pybench.py -t string' will onlyrun/show the tests that have 'string' in their name. This is the current output of pybench.py --help: """------------------------------------------------------------------------PYBENCH - a benchmark test suite for Python interpreters/compilers.------------------------------------------------------------------------ Synopsis: pybench.py [option] files... Options and default settings:  -n arg           number of rounds (10)  -f arg           save benchmark to file arg ()  -c arg           compare benchmark with the one in file arg ()  -s arg           show benchmark in file arg, then exit ()  -w arg           set warp factor to arg (10)  -t arg           run only tests with names matching arg ()  -C arg           set the number of calibration runs to arg (20)  -d               hide noise in comparisons (0)  -v               verbose output (not recommended) (0)  --with-gc        enable garbage collection (0)  --with-syscheck  use default sys check interval (0)  --timer arg      use given timer (time.time)  -h               show this help text  --help           show this help text  --debug          enable debugging  --copyright      show copyright  --examples       show examples of usage Version: 2.0 The normal operation is to run the suite and display theresults. Use -f to save them for later reuse or comparisons. Available timers:    time.time   time.clock   systimes.processtime Examples: python2.1 pybench.py -f p21.pybenchpython2.5 pybench.py -f p25.pybenchpython pybench.py -s p25.pybench -c p21.pybench""" License------- See LICENSE file.  Sample output------------- """-------------------------------------------------------------------------------PYBENCH 2.0-------------------------------------------------------------------------------* using Python 2.4.2* disabled garbage collection* system check interval set to maximum: 2147483647* using timer: time.time Calibrating tests. Please wait... Running 10 round(s) of the suite at warp factor 10: * Round 1 done in 6.388 seconds.* Round 2 done in 6.485 seconds.* Round 3 done in 6.786 seconds....* Round 10 done in 6.546 seconds. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------Benchmark: 2006-06-12 12:09:25-------------------------------------------------------------------------------     Rounds: 10    Warp:   10    Timer:  time.time     Machine Details:       Platform ID:  Linux-2.6.8-24.19-default-x86_64-with-SuSE-9.2-x86-64       Processor:    x86_64     Python:       Executable:   /usr/local/bin/python       Version:      2.4.2       Compiler:     GCC 3.3.4 (pre 3.3.5 20040809)       Bits:         64bit       Build:        Oct  1 2005 15:24:35 (#1)       Unicode:      UCS2  Test                             minimum  average  operation  overhead-------------------------------------------------------------------------------          BuiltinFunctionCalls:    126ms    145ms    0.28us    0.274ms           BuiltinMethodLookup:    124ms    130ms    0.12us    0.316ms                 CompareFloats:    109ms    110ms    0.09us    0.361ms         CompareFloatsIntegers:    100ms    104ms    0.12us    0.271ms               CompareIntegers:    137ms    138ms    0.08us    0.542ms        CompareInternedStrings:    124ms    127ms    0.08us    1.367ms                  CompareLongs:    100ms    104ms    0.10us    0.316ms                CompareStrings:    111ms    115ms    0.12us    0.929ms                CompareUnicode:    108ms    128ms    0.17us    0.693ms                 ConcatStrings:    142ms    155ms    0.31us    0.562ms                 ConcatUnicode:    119ms    127ms    0.42us    0.384ms               CreateInstances:    123ms    128ms    1.14us    0.367ms            CreateNewInstances:    121ms    126ms    1.49us    0.335ms       CreateStringsWithConcat:    130ms    135ms    0.14us    0.916ms       CreateUnicodeWithConcat:    130ms    135ms    0.34us    0.361ms                  DictCreation:    108ms    109ms    0.27us    0.361ms             DictWithFloatKeys:    149ms    153ms    0.17us    0.678ms           DictWithIntegerKeys:    124ms    126ms    0.11us    0.915ms            DictWithStringKeys:    114ms    117ms    0.10us    0.905ms                      ForLoops:    110ms    111ms    4.46us    0.063ms                    IfThenElse:    118ms    119ms    0.09us    0.685ms                   ListSlicing:    116ms    120ms    8.59us    0.103ms                NestedForLoops:    125ms    137ms    0.09us    0.019ms          NormalClassAttribute:    124ms    136ms    0.11us    0.457ms       NormalInstanceAttribute:    110ms    117ms    0.10us    0.454ms           PythonFunctionCalls:    107ms    113ms    0.34us    0.271ms             PythonMethodCalls:    140ms    149ms    0.66us    0.141ms                     Recursion:    156ms    166ms    3.32us    0.452ms                  SecondImport:    112ms    118ms    1.18us    0.180ms           SecondPackageImport:    118ms    127ms    1.27us    0.180ms         SecondSubmoduleImport:    140ms    151ms    1.51us    0.180ms       SimpleComplexArithmetic:    128ms    139ms    0.16us    0.361ms        SimpleDictManipulation:    134ms    136ms    0.11us    0.452ms         SimpleFloatArithmetic:    110ms    113ms    0.09us    0.571ms      SimpleIntFloatArithmetic:    106ms    111ms    0.08us    0.548ms       SimpleIntegerArithmetic:    106ms    109ms    0.08us    0.544ms        SimpleListManipulation:    103ms    113ms    0.10us    0.587ms          SimpleLongArithmetic:    112ms    118ms    0.18us    0.271ms                    SmallLists:    105ms    116ms    0.17us    0.366ms                   SmallTuples:    108ms    128ms    0.24us    0.406ms         SpecialClassAttribute:    119ms    136ms    0.11us    0.453ms      SpecialInstanceAttribute:    143ms    155ms    0.13us    0.454ms                StringMappings:    115ms    121ms    0.48us    0.405ms              StringPredicates:    120ms    129ms    0.18us    2.064ms                 StringSlicing:    111ms    127ms    0.23us    0.781ms                     TryExcept:    125ms    126ms    0.06us    0.681ms                TryRaiseExcept:    133ms    137ms    2.14us    0.361ms                  TupleSlicing:    117ms    120ms    0.46us    0.066ms               UnicodeMappings:    156ms    160ms    4.44us    0.429ms             UnicodePredicates:    117ms    121ms    0.22us    2.487ms             UnicodeProperties:    115ms    153ms    0.38us    2.070ms                UnicodeSlicing:    126ms    129ms    0.26us    0.689ms-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Totals:                           6283ms   6673ms"""________________________________________________________________________ Writing New Tests________________________________________________________________________ pybench tests are simple modules defining one or more pybench.Testsubclasses. Writing a test essentially boils down to providing two methods:.test() which runs .rounds number of .operations test operations eachand .calibrate() which does the same except that it doesn't actuallyexecute the operations.  Here's an example:------------------ from pybench import Test class IntegerCounting(Test):     # Version number of the test as float (x.yy); this is important    # for comparisons of benchmark runs - tests with unequal version    # number will not get compared.    version = 1.0        # The number of abstract operations done in each round of the    # test. An operation is the basic unit of what you want to    # measure. The benchmark will output the amount of run-time per    # operation. Note that in order to raise the measured timings    # significantly above noise level, it is often required to repeat    # sets of operations more than once per test round. The measured    # overhead per test round should be less than 1 second.    operations = 20     # Number of rounds to execute per test run. This should be    # adjusted to a figure that results in a test run-time of between    # 1-2 seconds (at warp 1).    rounds = 100000     def test(self): 	""" Run the test. 	    The test needs to run self.rounds executing	    self.operations number of operations each.         """        # Init the test        a = 1         # Run test rounds	#        # NOTE: Use xrange() for all test loops unless you want to face	# a 20MB process !	#        for i in xrange(self.rounds):             # Repeat the operations per round to raise the run-time            # per operation significantly above the noise level of the            # for-loop overhead.  	    # Execute 20 operations (a += 1):            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1            a += 1     def calibrate(self): 	""" Calibrate the test. 	    This method should execute everything that is needed to	    setup and run the test - except for the actual operations	    that you intend to measure. pybench uses this method to            measure the test implementation overhead.         """        # Init the test        a = 1         # Run test rounds (without actually doing any operation)        for i in xrange(self.rounds): 	    # Skip the actual execution of the operations, since we	    # only want to measure the test's administration overhead.            pass Registering a new test module----------------------------- To register a test module with pybench, the classes need to beimported into the pybench.Setup module. pybench will then scan all thesymbols defined in that module for subclasses of pybench.Test andautomatically add them to the benchmark suite.  Breaking Comparability---------------------- If a change is made to any individual test that means it is nolonger strictly comparable with previous runs, the '.version' classvariable should be updated. Therefafter, comparisons with previousversions of the test will list as "n/a" to reflect the change.  Version History---------------   2.0: rewrote parts of pybench which resulted in more repeatable       timings:        - made timer a parameter        - changed the platform default timer to use high-resolution          timers rather than process timers (which have a much lower          resolution)        - added option to select timer        - added process time timer (using systimes.py)        - changed to use min() as timing estimator (average          is still taken as well to provide an idea of the difference)        - garbage collection is turned off per default        - sys check interval is set to the highest possible value        - calibration is now a separate step and done using          a different strategy that allows measuring the test          overhead more accurately        - modified the tests to each give a run-time of between          100-200ms using warp 10        - changed default warp factor to 10 (from 20)        - compared results with timeit.py and confirmed measurements        - bumped all test versions to 2.0        - updated platform.py to the latest version        - changed the output format a bit to make it look          nicer        - refactored the APIs somewhat  1.3+: Steve Holden added the NewInstances test and the filtering        option during the NeedForSpeed sprint; this also triggered a long        discussion on how to improve benchmark timing and finally       resulted in the release of 2.0  1.3: initial checkin into the Python SVN repository  Have fun,--Marc-Andre Lemburgmal@lemburg.com