.\"	$OpenBSD: t11.2,v 1.1 2003/07/21 20:16:21 otto Exp $.\".Dd May 2, 1993.Dt ED 1.Os.Sh NAME.Nm ed.Nd text editor.Sh SYNOPSIS.Nm ed.Op Fl.Op Fl sx.Op Fl p Ar string.Op Ar file.Sh DESCRIPTION.Nmis a line-oriented text editor.It is used to create, display, modify, and otherwise manipulate text files.If invoked with a.Ar fileargument, then a copy of.Ar fileis read into the editor's buffer.Changes are made to this copy and not directly to.Ar fileitself.Upon quitting.Nm ed ,any changes not explicitly saved with a.Em wcommand are lost..PpEditing is done in two distinct modes:.Em commandand.Em input .When first invoked,.Nmis in command mode.In this mode, commands are read from the standard input andexecuted to manipulate the contents of the editor buffer..PpA typical command might look like:.Bd -literal -offset indent,s/old/new/g.Ed.Ppwhich replaces all occurrences of the string.Pa oldwith.Pa new ..PpWhen an input command, such as.Em a(append),.Em i(insert),or.Em c(change) is given,.Nmenters input mode.This is the primary means of adding text to a file.In this mode, no commands are available;instead, the standard input is written directory to the editor buffer.Lines consist of text up to and including a newline character.Input mode is terminated by entering a single period.Pq Ql \&.on a line..PpAll.Nmcommands operate on whole lines or ranges of lines; e.g.,the.Em dcommand deletes lines; the.Em mcommand moves lines, and so on.It is possible to modify only a portion of a line by means of replacement,as in the example above.However, even here, the.Em scommand is applied to whole lines at a time..PpIn general,.Nmcommands consist of zero or more line addresses, followed by a singlecharacter command and possibly additional parameters; i.e.,commands have the structure:.Bd -literal -offset indent[address [,address]]command[parameters].Ed.PpThe address(es) indicate the line or range of lines to be affected by thecommand.If fewer addresses are given than the command accepts, thendefault addresses are supplied..PpThe options are as follows:.Bl -tag -width Ds.It FlSame as the.Fl soption (deprecated)..It Fl sSuppress diagnostics.This should be used if.Nmstandard input is from a script..Fl sflag..It Fl xPrompt for an encryption key to be used in subsequent reads and writes(see the.Em xcommand)..It Fl p Ar stringSpecifies a command prompt.This may be toggled on and off with the.Em Pcommand..It Ar fileSpecifies the name of a file to read.If.Ar fileis prefixed with abang.Pq Ql \&! ,then it is interpreted as a shell command.In this case, what is read is the standard output of.Ar fileexecuted via.Xr sh 1 .To read a file whose name begins with a bang, prefix thename with a backslash.Pq Ql \e .The default filename is set to.Ar fileonly if it is not prefixed with a bang..El.Ss LINE ADDRESSINGAn address represents the number of a line in the buffer..Nmmaintains a.Em current addresswhich is typically supplied to commands as the default addresswhen none is specified.When a file is first read, the current address is set to the last lineof the file.In general, the current address is set to the last line affected by a command..PpA line address isconstructed from one of the bases in the list below, optionally followedby a numeric offset.The offset may include any combination of digits, operators (i.e.,.Em + ,.Em - ,and.Em ^ ) ,and whitespace.Addresses are read from left to right, and their values are computedrelative to the current address..PpOne exception to the rule that addresses represent line numbers is theaddress.Em 0(zero).This means.Dq before the first line ,and is legal wherever it makes sense..PpAn address range is two addresses separated either by a comma or semi-colon.The value of the first address in a range cannot exceed thevalue of the second.If only one address is given in a range,then the second address is set to the given address.If an.Em n Ns No -tupleof addresses is given where.Em n > 2 ,then the corresponding range is determined by the last two addresses in the.Em n Ns No -tuple.If only one address is expected, then the last address is used..PpEach address in a comma-delimited range is interpreted relative to thecurrent address.In a semi-colon-delimited range, the first address isused to set the current address, and the second address is interpretedrelative to the first..PpThe following address symbols are recognized:.Bl -tag -width Ds.It Em \&.The current line (address) in the buffer..It Em $The last line in the buffer..It Em nThe.Em n Ns No thline in the buffer where.Em nis a number in the range.Em [0,$] ..It Em - No or Em ^The previous line.This is equivalent to.Em -1and may be repeated with cumulative effect..It Em -n No or Em ^nThe.Em n Ns No thprevious line, where.Em nis a non-negative number..It Em +The next line.This is equivalent to.Em +1and may be repeated with cumulative effect..It Em +nThe.Em n Ns No thnext line, where.Em nis a non-negative number..It Em \&, No or Em %The first through last lines in the buffer.This is equivalent to the address range.Em 1,$ ..It Em \&;The current through last lines in the buffer.This is equivalent to the address range.Em .,$ ..It Em / Ns No re Ns Em /The next line containing the regular expression.Em re .The search wraps to the beginning of the buffer and continues down to thecurrent line, if necessary..Em //repeats the last search..It Em ? Ns No re Ns Em ?The previous line containing the regular expression.Em re .The search wraps to the end of the buffer and continues up to thecurrent line, if necessary..Em ??repeats the last search..It Em \&\' Ns No lcThe line previously marked by a.Em k(mark) command, where.Em lcis a lower case letter..El.Ss REGULAR EXPRESSIONSRegular expressions are patterns used in selecting text.For example, the.Nmcommand.Bd -literal -offset indentg/string/.Ed.Ppprints all lines containing.Em string .Regular expressions are also used by the.Em scommand for selecting old text to be replaced with new..PpIn addition to a specifying string literals, regular expressions canrepresent classes of strings.Strings thus represented are said to be matched by thecorresponding regular expression.If it is possible for a regular expression to match several strings ina line, then the leftmost longest match is the one selected..PpThe following symbols are used in constructing regular expressions:.Bl -tag -width Dsasdfsd.It Em cAny character.Em cnot listed below, including.Em { Ns No ,.Em } Ns No ,.Em \&( Ns No ,.Em \&) Ns No ,.Em < Ns No ,and.Em >matches itself..It Em \ecAny backslash-escaped character.Em c Ns No ,except for.Em { Ns No ,.Em } Ns No ,.Em \&( Ns No ,.Em \&) Ns No ,.Em < Ns No , and.Em >matches itself..It Em \&.Matches any single character..It Em [char-class]Matches any single character in.Em char-class .To include a.Ql \&]in.Em char-class Ns No ,it must be the first character.A range of characters may be specified by separating the end charactersof the range with a.Ql - ;e.g.,.Em a-zspecifies the lower case characters.The following literal expressions can also be used in.Em char-classto specify sets of characters:.Pp.Em \ \ [:alnum:]\ \ [:cntrl:]\ \ [:lower:]\ \ [:space:].Em \ \ [:alpha:]\ \ [:digit:]\ \ [:print:]\ \ [:upper:].Em \ \ [:blank:]\ \ [:graph:]\ \ [:punct:]\ \ [:xdigit:].PpIf.Ql -appears as the first or last character of.Em char-class Ns No ,then it matches itself.All other characters in.Em char-classmatch themselves..PpPatterns in.Em char-classof the form.Em [.col-elm.] No or Em [=col-elm=]where.Em col-elmis a collating element are interpreted according to.Xr locale 5(not currently supported).See.Xr regex 3for an explanation of these constructs..It Em [^char-class]Matches any single character, other than newline, not in.Em char-class Ns No ..Em char-classis defined as above..It Em ^If.Em ^is the first character of a regular expression, then itanchors the regular expression to the beginning of a line.Otherwise, it matches itself..It Em $If.Em $is the last character of a regular expression,it anchors the regular expression to the end of a line.Otherwise, it matches itself..It Em \e<Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpressionimmediately following it to the beginning of a word.(This may not be available.).It Em \e>Anchors the single character regular expression or subexpressionimmediately following it to the end of a word.(This may not be available.).It Em \e( Ns No re Ns Em \e)Defines a subexpression.Em re .Subexpressions may be nested.A subsequent backreference of the form.Em \en Ns No ,where.Em nis a number in the range [1,9], expands to the text matched by the.Em n Ns No thsubexpression.For example, the regular expression.Em \e(.*\e)\e1matches any string consisting of identical adjacent substrings.Subexpressions are ordered relative to their left delimiter..It Em *Matches the single character regular expression or subexpressionimmediately preceding it zero or more times.If.Em *is the first character of a regular expression or subexpression,then it matches itself.The.Em *operator sometimes yields unexpected results.For example, the regular expression.Em b*matches the beginning of the string.Em abbb(as opposed to the substring.Em bbb Ns No ),since a null match is the only leftmost match..Sm off.It Xo Em \e{ No n,m.Em \e}\ \e{ No n, Em \e}\.Em \e{ No n Em \e}.Xc.Sm onMatches the single character regular expression or subexpressionimmediately preceding it at least.Em nand at most.Em mtimes.If.Em mis omitted, then it matches at least.Em ntimes.If the comma is also omitted, then it matches exactly.Em ntimes..El.PpAdditional regular expression operators may be defined depending on theparticular.Xr regex 3implementation..Ss COMMANDSAll.Nmcommands are single characters, though some require additional parameters.If a command's parameters extend over several lines, theneach line except for the last must be terminated with a backslash.Pq Ql \e ..PpIn general, at most one command is allowed per line.However, most commands accept a print suffix, which is any of.Em p No (print),.Em l No (list),or.Em n No (enumerate),to print the last line affected by the command..PpAn interrupt (typically ^C) has the effect of aborting the current commandand returning the editor to command mode..Pp.Nmrecognizes the following commands.The commands are shown together withthe default address or address range supplied if none isspecified (in parentheses), and other possible arguments on the right..Bl -tag -width Dxxs.It (.) Ns Em aAppends text to the buffer after the addressed line.Text is entered in input mode.The current address is set to last line entered..It (.,.) Ns Em cChanges lines in the buffer.The addressed lines are deleted from the buffer,and text is appended in their place.Text is entered in input mode.The current address is set to last line entered..It (.,.) Ns Em dDeletes the addressed lines from the buffer.If there is a line after the deleted range, then the current address is setto this line.Otherwise the current address is set to the line before the deleted range..It Em e No fileEdits.Em file Ns No ,and sets the default filename.If.Em fileis not specified, then the default filename is used.Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the new file is read.The current address is set to the last line read..It Em e No !commandEdits the standard output of.Em !command Ns No ,(see.Em ! No commandbelow).The default filename is unchanged.Any lines in the buffer are deleted before the output of.Em commandis read.The current address is set to the last line read..It Em E No fileEdits.Em fileunconditionally.This is similar to the.Em ecommand, except that unwritten changes are discarded without warning.The current address is set to the last line read..It Em f No fileSets the default filename to.Em file Ns No .

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