// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------// CLI device-login (OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization Grant, RFC 8628).//// `executor login` against a hosted server:// 1. discover the provider device endpoints + public client id from the// server (`GET /api/auth/cli-login`),// 2. request a device code, show the user_code + open the verification URL,// 3. poll the token endpoint until the user approves in the browser,// 4. hand the access + refresh tokens back to be stored in the profile.//// The flow is provider-neutral: the server advertises WorkOS (cloud) or Better// Auth (self-host) endpoints, and both speak the same RFC 8628 wire shape, so// this module never branches on provider. Tokens are sent to the `/api/*`// plane as `Authorization: Bearer <access_token>`.// --------------------------------------------------------------------------- import { spawn } from "node:child_process"; export interface CliLoginDiscovery { readonly provider: string; readonly deviceAuthorizationEndpoint: string; readonly tokenEndpoint: string; readonly clientId: string; readonly scope?: string; /** * How to encode the device-authorization + token requests. RFC 8628 mandates * `form` (WorkOS), but some providers' endpoints only accept JSON (Better * Auth). The server tells us via discovery; defaults to `form`. */ readonly requestFormat: "form" | "json";} export interface DeviceCodeGrant { readonly deviceCode: string; readonly userCode: string; readonly verificationUri: string; readonly verificationUriComplete?: string; readonly expiresInSeconds: number; readonly intervalSeconds: number;} export interface DeviceTokens { readonly accessToken: string; readonly refreshToken?: string; /** Epoch seconds the access token expires, when known. */ readonly expiresAt?: number; /** The signed-in account's email, if the token response carries a user. */ readonly email?: string; /** The bound organization id, from the response or the token's org_id claim. */ readonly organizationId?: string;} export interface DeviceLoginHttpOptions { readonly headers?: Readonly<Record<string, string>>; readonly serverOrigin?: string;} export interface PollForDeviceTokensOptions extends DeviceLoginHttpOptions { readonly now?: () => number;} const DEVICE_CODE_GRANT_TYPE = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:device_code";const DEFAULT_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 5; export class DeviceLoginError extends Error { constructor(message: string) { super(message); this.name = "DeviceLoginError"; }} const cliLoginUrl = (origin: string): string => `${origin.replace(/\/+$/, "")}/api/auth/cli-login`; const asString = (value: unknown): string | undefined => typeof value === "string" && value.length > 0 ? value : undefined; const asNumber = (value: unknown): number | undefined => typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : undefined; /** Pull `user.email` out of a token response (WorkOS returns the user inline). */const readUserEmail = (body: Record<string, unknown>): string | undefined => { const user = body.user; if (user && typeof user === "object" && "email" in user) { return asString((user as { email?: unknown }).email); } return undefined;}; /** * Decode a JWT access token's claims WITHOUT verifying it. The CLI only uses * this for display (`whoami`, the post-login summary) and to read `exp`, the * server is the only thing that verifies the token's signature. */export const decodeAccessTokenClaims = ( accessToken: string,): Record<string, unknown> | undefined => { const segments = accessToken.split("."); if (segments.length !== 3) return undefined; const payloadSegment = segments[1]; if (!payloadSegment) return undefined; try { const json = Buffer.from(payloadSegment, "base64url").toString("utf8"); const claims = JSON.parse(json) as unknown; return claims && typeof claims === "object" ? (claims as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined; } catch { return undefined; }}; /** Read `exp` (epoch seconds) out of a JWT access token without verifying it. */export const accessTokenExpiry = (accessToken: string): number | undefined => asNumber(decodeAccessTokenClaims(accessToken)?.exp); const deriveExpiresAt = (tokens: { accessToken: string; expiresIn?: number;}): number | undefined => { if (tokens.expiresIn !== undefined) { return Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + tokens.expiresIn; } return accessTokenExpiry(tokens.accessToken);}; const formBody = (fields: Record<string, string | undefined>): string => { const params = new URLSearchParams(); for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(fields)) { if (value !== undefined) params.set(key, value); } return params.toString();}; const definedFields = (fields: Record<string, string | undefined>): Record<string, string> => Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(fields).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined)) as Record< string, string >; const isSameOrigin = (url: string, origin: string): boolean => { try { return new URL(url).origin === new URL(origin).origin; } catch { return false; }}; const headersForUrl = ( url: string, baseHeaders: Record<string, string>, options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},): Record<string, string> => { const configured = options.headers && (!options.serverOrigin || isSameOrigin(url, options.serverOrigin)) ? options.headers : {}; return { ...configured, ...baseHeaders };}; const post = async ( url: string, fields: Record<string, string | undefined>, format: "form" | "json", options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},) => fetch(url, { method: "POST", headers: headersForUrl( url, { "content-type": format === "json" ? "application/json" : "application/x-www-form-urlencoded", accept: "application/json", }, options, ), body: format === "json" ? JSON.stringify(definedFields(fields)) : formBody(fields), }); const readJson = async (response: Response): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> => { const text = await response.text(); if (!text) return {}; try { return JSON.parse(text) as Record<string, unknown>; } catch { return { error: "invalid_response", error_description: text.slice(0, 200) }; }}; export const discoverCliLogin = async ( origin: string, options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},): Promise<CliLoginDiscovery> => { let response: Response; const url = cliLoginUrl(origin); try { response = await fetch(url, { headers: headersForUrl(url, { accept: "application/json" }, options), }); } catch (cause) { throw new DeviceLoginError( `Could not reach ${origin} to start login: ${cause instanceof Error ? cause.message : String(cause)}`, ); } if (!response.ok) { throw new DeviceLoginError( `${origin} does not support CLI login (GET /api/auth/cli-login returned ${response.status}). ` + "It may be an older server, or a local/unauthenticated server that needs no login.", ); } const body = await readJson(response); const deviceAuthorizationEndpoint = asString(body.deviceAuthorizationEndpoint); const tokenEndpoint = asString(body.tokenEndpoint); const clientId = asString(body.clientId); if (!deviceAuthorizationEndpoint || !tokenEndpoint || !clientId) { throw new DeviceLoginError(`${origin} returned an incomplete CLI-login configuration.`); } return { provider: asString(body.provider) ?? "unknown", deviceAuthorizationEndpoint, tokenEndpoint, clientId, scope: asString(body.scope), requestFormat: asString(body.requestFormat) === "json" ? "json" : "form", };}; export const requestDeviceCode = async ( discovery: CliLoginDiscovery, options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},): Promise<DeviceCodeGrant> => { const response = await post( discovery.deviceAuthorizationEndpoint, { client_id: discovery.clientId, scope: discovery.scope }, discovery.requestFormat, options, ); const body = await readJson(response); if (!response.ok) { throw new DeviceLoginError( `Device authorization failed (${response.status}): ${asString(body.error_description) ?? asString(body.error) ?? "unknown error"}`, ); } const deviceCode = asString(body.device_code); const userCode = asString(body.user_code); const verificationUri = asString(body.verification_uri); if (!deviceCode || !userCode || !verificationUri) { throw new DeviceLoginError("Device authorization response was missing required fields."); } return { deviceCode, userCode, verificationUri, verificationUriComplete: asString(body.verification_uri_complete), expiresInSeconds: asNumber(body.expires_in) ?? 300, intervalSeconds: asNumber(body.interval) ?? DEFAULT_INTERVAL_SECONDS, };}; const sleep = (ms: number): Promise<void> => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms)); /** * Poll the token endpoint until the user approves, honoring the RFC 8628 * pacing rules (`authorization_pending` keeps waiting, `slow_down` backs off, * `access_denied` / `expired_token` are terminal). */export const pollForDeviceTokens = async ( discovery: CliLoginDiscovery, grant: DeviceCodeGrant, options: PollForDeviceTokensOptions = {},): Promise<DeviceTokens> => { const now = options.now ?? (() => Date.now()); const deadline = now() + grant.expiresInSeconds * 1000; let intervalMs = Math.max(1, grant.intervalSeconds) * 1000; for (;;) { if (now() >= deadline) { throw new DeviceLoginError("Login timed out before it was approved."); } await sleep(intervalMs); const response = await post( discovery.tokenEndpoint, { grant_type: DEVICE_CODE_GRANT_TYPE, device_code: grant.deviceCode, client_id: discovery.clientId, }, discovery.requestFormat, options, ); const body = await readJson(response); if (response.ok) { const accessToken = asString(body.access_token); if (!accessToken) { throw new DeviceLoginError("Token response was missing an access token."); } const claims = decodeAccessTokenClaims(accessToken); return { accessToken, refreshToken: asString(body.refresh_token), expiresAt: deriveExpiresAt({ accessToken, expiresIn: asNumber(body.expires_in) }), email: readUserEmail(body) ?? (typeof claims?.email === "string" ? claims.email : undefined), organizationId: asString(body.organization_id) ?? (typeof claims?.org_id === "string" ? claims.org_id : undefined), }; } const error = asString(body.error); if (error === "authorization_pending") continue; if (error === "slow_down") { intervalMs += 5000; continue; } if (error === "access_denied") { throw new DeviceLoginError("Login was denied."); } if (error === "expired_token") { throw new DeviceLoginError("The login request expired before it was approved."); } throw new DeviceLoginError( `Login failed: ${asString(body.error_description) ?? error ?? `HTTP ${response.status}`}`, ); }}; /** Exchange a refresh token for a fresh access token (silent re-auth). Only * providers that issue refresh tokens reach here (WorkOS, which is form-encoded * per RFC 8628); Better Auth's device flow issues no refresh token. */export const refreshDeviceTokens = async (input: { readonly tokenEndpoint: string; readonly clientId: string; readonly refreshToken: string; readonly headers?: Readonly<Record<string, string>>; readonly serverOrigin?: string;}): Promise<DeviceTokens> => { const response = await post( input.tokenEndpoint, { grant_type: "refresh_token", refresh_token: input.refreshToken, client_id: input.clientId, }, "form", input, ); const body = await readJson(response); if (!response.ok) { throw new DeviceLoginError( `Token refresh failed: ${asString(body.error_description) ?? asString(body.error) ?? `HTTP ${response.status}`}`, ); } const accessToken = asString(body.access_token); if (!accessToken) throw new DeviceLoginError("Refresh response was missing an access token."); return { accessToken, refreshToken: asString(body.refresh_token) ?? input.refreshToken, expiresAt: deriveExpiresAt({ accessToken, expiresIn: asNumber(body.expires_in) }), };}; export type BrowserOpenCommand = readonly [command: string, args: ReadonlyArray<string>]; const normalizeBrowserOpenUrl = (url: string): string | undefined => { try { const parsed = new URL(url); return parsed.protocol === "http:" || parsed.protocol === "https:" ? parsed.href : undefined; } catch { return undefined; }}; export const browserOpenCommand = ( url: string, platform: typeof process.platform = process.platform,): BrowserOpenCommand | undefined => { const normalizedUrl = normalizeBrowserOpenUrl(url); if (!normalizedUrl) return undefined; if (platform === "darwin") return ["open", [normalizedUrl]]; if (platform === "win32") return ["rundll32.exe", ["url.dll,FileProtocolHandler", normalizedUrl]]; return ["xdg-open", [normalizedUrl]];}; /** Best-effort open the verification URL in the user's default browser. */export const openBrowser = (url: string): void => { const openCommand = browserOpenCommand(url); if (!openCommand) return; const [command, args] = openCommand; try { const child = spawn(command, args, { stdio: "ignore", detached: true }); // Swallow async spawn failures (e.g. the opener binary is missing), the // URL is printed too, so the user can open it by hand. (child as { on?: (event: "error", listener: () => void) => void }).on?.("error", () => {}); child.unref(); } catch { // Ignore, the URL is also printed for manual opening. }};
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// CLI device-login (OAuth 2.0 Device Authorization Grant, RFC 8628).
//
// `executor login` against a hosted server:
// 1. discover the provider device endpoints + public client id from the
// server (`GET /api/auth/cli-login`),
// 2. request a device code, show the user_code + open the verification URL,
// 3. poll the token endpoint until the user approves in the browser,
// 4. hand the access + refresh tokens back to be stored in the profile.
//
// The flow is provider-neutral: the server advertises WorkOS (cloud) or Better
// Auth (self-host) endpoints, and both speak the same RFC 8628 wire shape, so
// this module never branches on provider. Tokens are sent to the `/api/*`
// plane as `Authorization: Bearer <access_token>`.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
export interface CliLoginDiscovery {
readonly provider: string;
readonly deviceAuthorizationEndpoint: string;
readonly tokenEndpoint: string;
readonly clientId: string;
readonly scope?: string;
/**
* How to encode the device-authorization + token requests. RFC 8628 mandates
* `form` (WorkOS), but some providers' endpoints only accept JSON (Better
* Auth). The server tells us via discovery; defaults to `form`.
*/
readonly requestFormat: "form" | "json";
}
export interface DeviceCodeGrant {
readonly deviceCode: string;
readonly userCode: string;
readonly verificationUri: string;
readonly verificationUriComplete?: string;
readonly expiresInSeconds: number;
readonly intervalSeconds: number;
}
export interface DeviceTokens {
readonly accessToken: string;
readonly refreshToken?: string;
/** Epoch seconds the access token expires, when known. */
readonly expiresAt?: number;
/** The signed-in account's email, if the token response carries a user. */
readonly email?: string;
/** The bound organization id, from the response or the token's org_id claim. */
readonly organizationId?: string;
}
export interface DeviceLoginHttpOptions {
readonly headers?: Readonly<Record<string, string>>;
readonly serverOrigin?: string;
}
export interface PollForDeviceTokensOptions extends DeviceLoginHttpOptions {
readonly now?: () => number;
}
const DEVICE_CODE_GRANT_TYPE = "urn:ietf:params:oauth:grant-type:device_code";
const DEFAULT_INTERVAL_SECONDS = 5;
export class DeviceLoginError extends Error {
constructor(message: string) {
super(message);
this.name = "DeviceLoginError";
}
}
const cliLoginUrl = (origin: string): string => `${origin.replace(/\/+$/, "")}/api/auth/cli-login`;
const asString = (value: unknown): string | undefined =>
typeof value === "string" && value.length > 0 ? value : undefined;
const asNumber = (value: unknown): number | undefined =>
typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) ? value : undefined;
/** Pull `user.email` out of a token response (WorkOS returns the user inline). */
const readUserEmail = (body: Record<string, unknown>): string | undefined => {
const user = body.user;
if (user && typeof user === "object" && "email" in user) {
return asString((user as { email?: unknown }).email);
}
return undefined;
};
/**
* Decode a JWT access token's claims WITHOUT verifying it. The CLI only uses
* this for display (`whoami`, the post-login summary) and to read `exp`, the
* server is the only thing that verifies the token's signature.
*/
export const decodeAccessTokenClaims = (
accessToken: string,
): Record<string, unknown> | undefined => {
const segments = accessToken.split(".");
if (segments.length !== 3) return undefined;
const payloadSegment = segments[1];
if (!payloadSegment) return undefined;
try {
const json = Buffer.from(payloadSegment, "base64url").toString("utf8");
const claims = JSON.parse(json) as unknown;
return claims && typeof claims === "object" ? (claims as Record<string, unknown>) : undefined;
} catch {
return undefined;
}
};
/** Read `exp` (epoch seconds) out of a JWT access token without verifying it. */
export const accessTokenExpiry = (accessToken: string): number | undefined =>
asNumber(decodeAccessTokenClaims(accessToken)?.exp);
const deriveExpiresAt = (tokens: {
accessToken: string;
expiresIn?: number;
}): number | undefined => {
if (tokens.expiresIn !== undefined) {
return Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + tokens.expiresIn;
}
return accessTokenExpiry(tokens.accessToken);
};
const formBody = (fields: Record<string, string | undefined>): string => {
const params = new URLSearchParams();
for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(fields)) {
if (value !== undefined) params.set(key, value);
}
return params.toString();
};
const definedFields = (fields: Record<string, string | undefined>): Record<string, string> =>
Object.fromEntries(Object.entries(fields).filter(([, v]) => v !== undefined)) as Record<
string,
string
>;
const isSameOrigin = (url: string, origin: string): boolean => {
try {
return new URL(url).origin === new URL(origin).origin;
} catch {
return false;
}
};
const headersForUrl = (
url: string,
baseHeaders: Record<string, string>,
options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},
): Record<string, string> => {
const configured =
options.headers && (!options.serverOrigin || isSameOrigin(url, options.serverOrigin))
? options.headers
: {};
return { ...configured, ...baseHeaders };
};
const post = async (
url: string,
fields: Record<string, string | undefined>,
format: "form" | "json",
options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},
) =>
fetch(url, {
method: "POST",
headers: headersForUrl(
url,
{
"content-type":
format === "json" ? "application/json" : "application/x-www-form-urlencoded",
accept: "application/json",
},
options,
),
body: format === "json" ? JSON.stringify(definedFields(fields)) : formBody(fields),
});
const readJson = async (response: Response): Promise<Record<string, unknown>> => {
const text = await response.text();
if (!text) return {};
try {
return JSON.parse(text) as Record<string, unknown>;
} catch {
return { error: "invalid_response", error_description: text.slice(0, 200) };
}
};
export const discoverCliLogin = async (
origin: string,
options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},
): Promise<CliLoginDiscovery> => {
let response: Response;
const url = cliLoginUrl(origin);
try {
response = await fetch(url, {
headers: headersForUrl(url, { accept: "application/json" }, options),
});
} catch (cause) {
throw new DeviceLoginError(
`Could not reach ${origin} to start login: ${cause instanceof Error ? cause.message : String(cause)}`,
);
}
if (!response.ok) {
throw new DeviceLoginError(
`${origin} does not support CLI login (GET /api/auth/cli-login returned ${response.status}). ` +
"It may be an older server, or a local/unauthenticated server that needs no login.",
);
}
const body = await readJson(response);
const deviceAuthorizationEndpoint = asString(body.deviceAuthorizationEndpoint);
const tokenEndpoint = asString(body.tokenEndpoint);
const clientId = asString(body.clientId);
if (!deviceAuthorizationEndpoint || !tokenEndpoint || !clientId) {
throw new DeviceLoginError(`${origin} returned an incomplete CLI-login configuration.`);
}
return {
provider: asString(body.provider) ?? "unknown",
deviceAuthorizationEndpoint,
tokenEndpoint,
clientId,
scope: asString(body.scope),
requestFormat: asString(body.requestFormat) === "json" ? "json" : "form",
};
};
export const requestDeviceCode = async (
discovery: CliLoginDiscovery,
options: DeviceLoginHttpOptions = {},
): Promise<DeviceCodeGrant> => {
const response = await post(
discovery.deviceAuthorizationEndpoint,
{ client_id: discovery.clientId, scope: discovery.scope },
discovery.requestFormat,
options,
);
const body = await readJson(response);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new DeviceLoginError(
`Device authorization failed (${response.status}): ${asString(body.error_description) ?? asString(body.error) ?? "unknown error"}`,
);
}
const deviceCode = asString(body.device_code);
const userCode = asString(body.user_code);
const verificationUri = asString(body.verification_uri);
if (!deviceCode || !userCode || !verificationUri) {
throw new DeviceLoginError("Device authorization response was missing required fields.");
}
return {
deviceCode,
userCode,
verificationUri,
verificationUriComplete: asString(body.verification_uri_complete),
expiresInSeconds: asNumber(body.expires_in) ?? 300,
intervalSeconds: asNumber(body.interval) ?? DEFAULT_INTERVAL_SECONDS,
};
};
const sleep = (ms: number): Promise<void> => new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
/**
* Poll the token endpoint until the user approves, honoring the RFC 8628
* pacing rules (`authorization_pending` keeps waiting, `slow_down` backs off,
* `access_denied` / `expired_token` are terminal).
*/
export const pollForDeviceTokens = async (
discovery: CliLoginDiscovery,
grant: DeviceCodeGrant,
options: PollForDeviceTokensOptions = {},
): Promise<DeviceTokens> => {
const now = options.now ?? (() => Date.now());
const deadline = now() + grant.expiresInSeconds * 1000;
let intervalMs = Math.max(1, grant.intervalSeconds) * 1000;
for (;;) {
if (now() >= deadline) {
throw new DeviceLoginError("Login timed out before it was approved.");
}
await sleep(intervalMs);
const response = await post(
discovery.tokenEndpoint,
{
grant_type: DEVICE_CODE_GRANT_TYPE,
device_code: grant.deviceCode,
client_id: discovery.clientId,
},
discovery.requestFormat,
options,
);
const body = await readJson(response);
if (response.ok) {
const accessToken = asString(body.access_token);
if (!accessToken) {
throw new DeviceLoginError("Token response was missing an access token.");
}
const claims = decodeAccessTokenClaims(accessToken);
return {
accessToken,
refreshToken: asString(body.refresh_token),
expiresAt: deriveExpiresAt({ accessToken, expiresIn: asNumber(body.expires_in) }),
email:
readUserEmail(body) ?? (typeof claims?.email === "string" ? claims.email : undefined),
organizationId:
asString(body.organization_id) ??
(typeof claims?.org_id === "string" ? claims.org_id : undefined),
};
}
const error = asString(body.error);
if (error === "authorization_pending") continue;
if (error === "slow_down") {
intervalMs += 5000;
continue;
}
if (error === "access_denied") {
throw new DeviceLoginError("Login was denied.");
}
if (error === "expired_token") {
throw new DeviceLoginError("The login request expired before it was approved.");
}
throw new DeviceLoginError(
`Login failed: ${asString(body.error_description) ?? error ?? `HTTP ${response.status}`}`,
);
}
};
/** Exchange a refresh token for a fresh access token (silent re-auth). Only
* providers that issue refresh tokens reach here (WorkOS, which is form-encoded
* per RFC 8628); Better Auth's device flow issues no refresh token. */
export const refreshDeviceTokens = async (input: {
readonly tokenEndpoint: string;
readonly clientId: string;
readonly refreshToken: string;
readonly headers?: Readonly<Record<string, string>>;
readonly serverOrigin?: string;
}): Promise<DeviceTokens> => {
const response = await post(
input.tokenEndpoint,
{
grant_type: "refresh_token",
refresh_token: input.refreshToken,
client_id: input.clientId,
},
"form",
input,
);
const body = await readJson(response);
if (!response.ok) {
throw new DeviceLoginError(
`Token refresh failed: ${asString(body.error_description) ?? asString(body.error) ?? `HTTP ${response.status}`}`,
);
}
const accessToken = asString(body.access_token);
if (!accessToken) throw new DeviceLoginError("Refresh response was missing an access token.");
return {
accessToken,
refreshToken: asString(body.refresh_token) ?? input.refreshToken,
expiresAt: deriveExpiresAt({ accessToken, expiresIn: asNumber(body.expires_in) }),
};
};
export type BrowserOpenCommand = readonly [command: string, args: ReadonlyArray<string>];
const normalizeBrowserOpenUrl = (url: string): string | undefined => {
try {
const parsed = new URL(url);
return parsed.protocol === "http:" || parsed.protocol === "https:" ? parsed.href : undefined;
} catch {
return undefined;
}
};
export const browserOpenCommand = (
url: string,
platform: typeof process.platform = process.platform,
): BrowserOpenCommand | undefined => {
const normalizedUrl = normalizeBrowserOpenUrl(url);
if (!normalizedUrl) return undefined;
if (platform === "darwin") return ["open", [normalizedUrl]];
if (platform === "win32") return ["rundll32.exe", ["url.dll,FileProtocolHandler", normalizedUrl]];
return ["xdg-open", [normalizedUrl]];
};
/** Best-effort open the verification URL in the user's default browser. */
export const openBrowser = (url: string): void => {
const openCommand = browserOpenCommand(url);
if (!openCommand) return;
const [command, args] = openCommand;
try {
const child = spawn(command, args, { stdio: "ignore", detached: true });
// Swallow async spawn failures (e.g. the opener binary is missing), the
// URL is printed too, so the user can open it by hand.
(child as { on?: (event: "error", listener: () => void) => void }).on?.("error", () => {});
child.unref();
} catch {
// Ignore, the URL is also printed for manual opening.
}
};