How to Get Your Change Into the Linux Kernel or Care And Operation Of Your Linus Torvalds For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linuxkernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiarwith "the system." This text is a collection of suggestions whichcan greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted. Read Documentation/SubmitChecklist for a list of items to checkbefore submitting code. If you are submitting a driver, also readDocumentation/SubmittingDrivers. --------------------------------------------SECTION 1 - CREATING AND SENDING YOUR CHANGE-------------------------------------------- 1) "diff -up"------------ Use "diff -up" or "diff -uprN" to create patches. All changes to the Linux kernel occur in the form of patches, asgenerated by diff(1). When creating your patch, make sure to create itin "unified diff" format, as supplied by the '-u' argument to diff(1).Also, please use the '-p' argument which shows which C function eachchange is in - that makes the resultant diff a lot easier to read.Patches should be based in the root kernel source directory,not in any lower subdirectory. To create a patch for a single file, it is often sufficient to do: SRCTREE= linux-2.6 MYFILE= drivers/net/mydriver.c cd $SRCTREE cp $MYFILE $MYFILE.orig vi $MYFILE # make your change cd .. diff -up $SRCTREE/$MYFILE{.orig,} > /tmp/patch To create a patch for multiple files, you should unpack a "vanilla",or unmodified kernel source tree, and generate a diff against yourown source tree. For example: MYSRC= /devel/linux-2.6 tar xvfz linux-2.6.12.tar.gz mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-vanilla diff -uprN -X linux-2.6.12-vanilla/Documentation/dontdiff \ linux-2.6.12-vanilla $MYSRC > /tmp/patch "dontdiff" is a list of files which are generated by the kernel duringthe build process, and should be ignored in any diff(1)-generatedpatch. The "dontdiff" file is included in the kernel tree in2.6.12 and later. Make sure your patch does not include any extra files which do notbelong in a patch submission. Make sure to review your patch -after-generated it with diff(1), to ensure accuracy. If your changes produce a lot of deltas, you may want to look intosplitting them into individual patches which modify things inlogical stages. This will facilitate easier reviewing by otherkernel developers, very important if you want your patch accepted.There are a number of scripts which can aid in this: Quilt:http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt Andrew Morton's patch scripts:http://userweb.kernel.org/~akpm/stuff/patch-scripts.tar.gzInstead of these scripts, quilt is the recommended patch managementtool (see above). 2) Describe your changes. Describe the technical detail of the change(s) your patch includes. Be as specific as possible. The WORST descriptions possible includethings like "update driver X", "bug fix for driver X", or "this patchincludes updates for subsystem X. Please apply." The maintainer will thank you if you write your patch description in aform which can be easily pulled into Linux's source code managementsystem, git, as a "commit log". See #15, below. If your description starts to get long, that's a sign that you probablyneed to split up your patch. See #3, next. When you submit or resubmit a patch or patch series, include thecomplete patch description and justification for it. Don't justsay that this is version N of the patch (series). Don't expect thepatch merger to refer back to earlier patch versions or referencedURLs to find the patch description and put that into the patch.I.e., the patch (series) and its description should be self-contained.This benefits both the patch merger(s) and reviewers. Some reviewersprobably didn't even receive earlier versions of the patch. If the patch fixes a logged bug entry, refer to that bug entry bynumber and URL. If you want to refer to a specific commit, don't just refer to theSHA-1 ID of the commit. Please also include the oneline summary ofthe commit, to make it easier for reviewers to know what it is about.Example: Commit e21d2170f36602ae2708 ("video: remove unnecessary platform_set_drvdata()") removed the unnecessary platform_set_drvdata(), but left the variable "dev" unused, delete it. 3) Separate your changes. Separate _logical changes_ into a single patch file. For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performanceenhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into twoor more patches. If your changes include an API update, and a newdriver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches. On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files,group those changes into a single patch. Thus a single logical changeis contained within a single patch. If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to becomplete, that is OK. Simply note "this patch depends on patch X"in your patch description. If you cannot condense your patch set into a smaller set of patches,then only post say 15 or so at a time and wait for review and integration. 4) Style check your changes. Check your patch for basic style violations, details of which can befound in Documentation/CodingStyle. Failure to do so simply wastesthe reviewers time and will get your patch rejected, probablywithout even being read. At a minimum you should check your patches with the patch stylechecker prior to submission (scripts/checkpatch.pl). You shouldbe able to justify all violations that remain in your patch. 5) Select e-mail destination. Look through the MAINTAINERS file and the source code, and determineif your change applies to a specific subsystem of the kernel, withan assigned maintainer. If so, e-mail that person. The scriptscripts/get_maintainer.pl can be very useful at this step. If no maintainer is listed, or the maintainer does not respond, sendyour patch to the primary Linux kernel developer's mailing list,linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Most kernel developers monitor thise-mail list, and can comment on your changes. Do not send more than 15 patches at once to the vger mailing lists!!! Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into theLinux kernel. His e-mail address is <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>. He gets a lot of e-mail, so typically you should do your best to -avoid-sending him e-mail. Patches which are bug fixes, are "obvious" changes, or similarlyrequire little discussion should be sent or CC'd to Linus. Patcheswhich require discussion or do not have a clear advantage shouldusually be sent first to linux-kernel. Only after the patch isdiscussed should the patch then be submitted to Linus. 6) Select your CC (e-mail carbon copy) list. Unless you have a reason NOT to do so, CC linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Other kernel developers besides Linus need to be aware of your change,so that they may comment on it and offer code review and suggestions.linux-kernel is the primary Linux kernel developer mailing list.Other mailing lists are available for specific subsystems, such asUSB, framebuffer devices, the VFS, the SCSI subsystem, etc. See theMAINTAINERS file for a mailing list that relates specifically toyour change. Majordomo lists of VGER.KERNEL.ORG at: <http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html> If changes affect userland-kernel interfaces, please sendthe MAN-PAGES maintainer (as listed in the MAINTAINERS file)a man-pages patch, or at least a notification of the change,so that some information makes its way into the manual pages. Even if the maintainer did not respond in step #5, make sure to ALWAYScopy the maintainer when you change their code. For small patches you may want to CC the Trivial Patch Monkeytrivial@kernel.org which collects "trivial" patches. Have a lookinto the MAINTAINERS file for its current manager.Trivial patches must qualify for one of the following rules: Spelling fixes in documentation Spelling fixes which could break grep(1) Warning fixes (cluttering with useless warnings is bad) Compilation fixes (only if they are actually correct) Runtime fixes (only if they actually fix things) Removing use of deprecated functions/macros (eg. check_region) Contact detail and documentation fixes Non-portable code replaced by portable code (even in arch-specific, since people copy, as long as it's trivial) Any fix by the author/maintainer of the file (ie. patch monkey in re-transmission mode) 7) No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments. Just plain text. Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and commenton the changes you are submitting. It is important for a kerneldeveloper to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mailtools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code. For this reason, all patches should be submitting e-mail "inline".WARNING: Be wary of your editor's word-wrap corrupting your patch,if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch. Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not.Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIMEattachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on yourcode. A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process,decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted. Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may askyou to re-send them using MIME. See Documentation/email-clients.txt for hints about configuringyour e-mail client so that it sends your patches untouched. 8) E-mail size. When sending patches to Linus, always follow step #7. Large changes are not appropriate for mailing lists, and somemaintainers. If your patch, uncompressed, exceeds 300 kB in size,it is preferred that you store your patch on an Internet-accessibleserver, and provide instead a URL (link) pointing to your patch. 9) Name your kernel version. It is important to note, either in the subject line or in the patchdescription, the kernel version to which this patch applies. If the patch does not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version,Linus will not apply it. 10) Don't get discouraged. Re-submit. After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait. If Linuslikes your change and applies it, it will appear in the next versionof the kernel that he releases. However, if your change doesn't appear in the next version of thekernel, there could be any number of reasons. It's YOUR job tonarrow down those reasons, correct what was wrong, and submit yourupdated change. It is quite common for Linus to "drop" your patch without comment.That's the nature of the system. If he drops your patch, it could bedue to* Your patch did not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version.* Your patch was not sufficiently discussed on linux-kernel.* A style issue (see section 2).* An e-mail formatting issue (re-read this section).* A technical problem with your change.* He gets tons of e-mail, and yours got lost in the shuffle.* You are being annoying. When in doubt, solicit comments on linux-kernel mailing list. 11) Include PATCH in the subject Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is commonconvention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets Linusand other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from othere-mail discussions. 12) Sign your work To improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches that canpercolate to their final resting place in the kernel through severallayers of maintainers, we've introduced a "sign-off" procedure onpatches that are being emailed around. The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for thepatch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right topass it on as an open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if youcan certify the below: Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I have the right to submit it under the open source license indicated in the file; or (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source license and I have the right under that license to submit that work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part by me, under the same open source license (unless I am permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated in the file; or (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified it. (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution are public and that a record of the contribution (including all personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with this project or the open source license(s) involved. then you just add a line saying Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> using your real name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous contributions.) Some people also put extra tags at the end. They'll just be ignored fornow, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or justpoint out some special detail about the sign-off. If you are a subsystem or branch maintainer, sometimes you need to slightlymodify patches you receive in order to merge them, because the code is notexactly the same in your tree and the submitters'. If you stick strictly torule (c), you should ask the submitter to rediff, but this is a totallycounter-productive waste of time and energy. Rule (b) allows you to adjustthe code, but then it is very impolite to change one submitter's code andmake him endorse your bugs. To solve this problem, it is recommended thatyou add a line between the last Signed-off-by header and yours, indicatingthe nature of your changes. While there is nothing mandatory about this, itseems like prepending the description with your mail and/or name, allenclosed in square brackets, is noticeable enough to make it obvious thatyou are responsible for last-minute changes. Example : Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> [lucky@maintainer.example.org: struct foo moved from foo.c to foo.h] Signed-off-by: Lucky K Maintainer <lucky@maintainer.example.org> This practise is particularly helpful if you maintain a stable branch andwant at the same time to credit the author, track changes, merge the fix,and protect the submitter from complaints. Note that under no circumstancescan you change the author's identity (the From header), as it is the onewhich appears in the changelog. Special note to back-porters: It seems to be a common and useful practiseto insert an indication of the origin of a patch at the top of the commitmessage (just after the subject line) to facilitate tracking. For instance,here's what we see in 2.6-stable : Date: Tue May 13 19:10:30 2008 +0000 SCSI: libiscsi regression in 2.6.25: fix nop timer handling commit 4cf1043593db6a337f10e006c23c69e5fc93e722 upstream And here's what appears in 2.4 : Date: Tue May 13 22:12:27 2008 +0200 wireless, airo: waitbusy() won't delay [backport of 2.6 commit b7acbdfbd1f277c1eb23f344f899cfa4cd0bf36a] Whatever the format, this information provides a valuable help to peopletracking your trees, and to people trying to trouble-shoot bugs in yourtree. 13) When to use Acked-by: and Cc: The Signed-off-by: tag indicates that the signer was involved in thedevelopment of the patch, or that he/she was in the patch's delivery path. If a person was not directly involved in the preparation or handling of apatch but wishes to signify and record their approval of it then they canarrange to have an Acked-by: line added to the patch's changelog. Acked-by: is often used by the maintainer of the affected code when thatmaintainer neither contributed to nor forwarded the patch. Acked-by: is not as formal as Signed-off-by:. It is a record that the ackerhas at least reviewed the patch and has indicated acceptance. Hence patchmergers will sometimes manually convert an acker's "yep, looks good to me"into an Acked-by:. Acked-by: does not necessarily indicate acknowledgement of the entire patch.For example, if a patch affects multiple subsystems and has an Acked-by: fromone subsystem maintainer then this usually indicates acknowledgement of justthe part which affects that maintainer's code. Judgement should be used here.When in doubt people should refer to the original discussion in the mailinglist archives. If a person has had the opportunity to comment on a patch, but has notprovided such comments, you may optionally add a "Cc:" tag to the patch.This is the only tag which might be added without an explicit action by theperson it names. This tag documents that potentially interested partieshave been included in the discussion 14) Using Reported-by:, Tested-by:, Reviewed-by: and Suggested-by: If this patch fixes a problem reported by somebody else, consider adding aReported-by: tag to credit the reporter for their contribution. Pleasenote that this tag should not be added without the reporter's permission,especially if the problem was not reported in a public forum. That said,if we diligently credit our bug reporters, they will, hopefully, beinspired to help us again in the future. A Tested-by: tag indicates that the patch has been successfully tested (insome environment) by the person named. This tag informs maintainers thatsome testing has been performed, provides a means to locate testers forfuture patches, and ensures credit for the testers. Reviewed-by:, instead, indicates that the patch has been reviewed and foundacceptable according to the Reviewer's Statement: Reviewer's statement of oversight By offering my Reviewed-by: tag, I state that: (a) I have carried out a technical review of this patch to evaluate its appropriateness and readiness for inclusion into the mainline kernel. (b) Any problems, concerns, or questions relating to the patch have been communicated back to the submitter. I am satisfied with the submitter's response to my comments. (c) While there may be things that could be improved with this submission, I believe that it is, at this time, (1) a worthwhile modification to the kernel, and (2) free of known issues which would argue against its inclusion. (d) While I have reviewed the patch and believe it to be sound, I do not (unless explicitly stated elsewhere) make any warranties or guarantees that it will achieve its stated purpose or function properly in any given situation. A Reviewed-by tag is a statement of opinion that the patch is anappropriate modification of the kernel without any remaining serioustechnical issues. Any interested reviewer (who has done the work) canoffer a Reviewed-by tag for a patch. This tag serves to give credit toreviewers and to inform maintainers of the degree of review which has beendone on the patch. Reviewed-by: tags, when supplied by reviewers known tounderstand the subject area and to perform thorough reviews, will normallyincrease the likelihood of your patch getting into the kernel. A Suggested-by: tag indicates that the patch idea is suggested by the personnamed and ensures credit to the person for the idea. Please note that thistag should not be added without the reporter's permission, especially if theidea was not posted in a public forum. That said, if we diligently credit ouridea reporters, they will, hopefully, be inspired to help us again in thefuture. 15) The canonical patch format The canonical patch subject line is: Subject: [PATCH 001/123] subsystem: summary phrase The canonical patch message body contains the following: - A "from" line specifying the patch author. - An empty line. Lines 1–500 of 753. Load more
How to Get Your Change Into the Linux Kernel or Care And Operation Of Your Linus Torvalds For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linux kernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiar with "the system." This text is a collection of suggestions which can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted. Read Documentation/SubmitChecklist for a list of items to check before submitting code. If you are submitting a driver, also read Documentation/SubmittingDrivers. -------------------------------------------- SECTION 1 - CREATING AND SENDING YOUR CHANGE -------------------------------------------- 1) "diff -up" ------------ Use "diff -up" or "diff -uprN" to create patches. All changes to the Linux kernel occur in the form of patches, as generated by diff(1). When creating your patch, make sure to create it in "unified diff" format, as supplied by the '-u' argument to diff(1). Also, please use the '-p' argument which shows which C function each change is in - that makes the resultant diff a lot easier to read. Patches should be based in the root kernel source directory, not in any lower subdirectory. To create a patch for a single file, it is often sufficient to do: SRCTREE= linux-2.6 MYFILE= drivers/net/mydriver.c cd $SRCTREE cp $MYFILE $MYFILE.orig vi $MYFILE # make your change cd .. diff -up $SRCTREE/$MYFILE{.orig,} > /tmp/patch To create a patch for multiple files, you should unpack a "vanilla", or unmodified kernel source tree, and generate a diff against your own source tree. For example: MYSRC= /devel/linux-2.6 tar xvfz linux-2.6.12.tar.gz mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-vanilla diff -uprN -X linux-2.6.12-vanilla/Documentation/dontdiff \ linux-2.6.12-vanilla $MYSRC > /tmp/patch "dontdiff" is a list of files which are generated by the kernel during the build process, and should be ignored in any diff(1)-generated patch. The "dontdiff" file is included in the kernel tree in 2.6.12 and later. Make sure your patch does not include any extra files which do not belong in a patch submission. Make sure to review your patch -after- generated it with diff(1), to ensure accuracy. If your changes produce a lot of deltas, you may want to look into splitting them into individual patches which modify things in logical stages. This will facilitate easier reviewing by other kernel developers, very important if you want your patch accepted. There are a number of scripts which can aid in this: Quilt: http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt Andrew Morton's patch scripts: http://userweb.kernel.org/~akpm/stuff/patch-scripts.tar.gz Instead of these scripts, quilt is the recommended patch management tool (see above). 2) Describe your changes. Describe the technical detail of the change(s) your patch includes. Be as specific as possible. The WORST descriptions possible include things like "update driver X", "bug fix for driver X", or "this patch includes updates for subsystem X. Please apply." The maintainer will thank you if you write your patch description in a form which can be easily pulled into Linux's source code management system, git, as a "commit log". See #15, below. If your description starts to get long, that's a sign that you probably need to split up your patch. See #3, next. When you submit or resubmit a patch or patch series, include the complete patch description and justification for it. Don't just say that this is version N of the patch (series). Don't expect the patch merger to refer back to earlier patch versions or referenced URLs to find the patch description and put that into the patch. I.e., the patch (series) and its description should be self-contained. This benefits both the patch merger(s) and reviewers. Some reviewers probably didn't even receive earlier versions of the patch. If the patch fixes a logged bug entry, refer to that bug entry by number and URL. If you want to refer to a specific commit, don't just refer to the SHA-1 ID of the commit. Please also include the oneline summary of the commit, to make it easier for reviewers to know what it is about. Example: Commit e21d2170f36602ae2708 ("video: remove unnecessary platform_set_drvdata()") removed the unnecessary platform_set_drvdata(), but left the variable "dev" unused, delete it. 3) Separate your changes. Separate _logical changes_ into a single patch file. For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performance enhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into two or more patches. If your changes include an API update, and a new driver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches. On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files, group those changes into a single patch. Thus a single logical change is contained within a single patch. If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to be complete, that is OK. Simply note "this patch depends on patch X" in your patch description. If you cannot condense your patch set into a smaller set of patches, then only post say 15 or so at a time and wait for review and integration. 4) Style check your changes. Check your patch for basic style violations, details of which can be found in Documentation/CodingStyle. Failure to do so simply wastes the reviewers time and will get your patch rejected, probably without even being read. At a minimum you should check your patches with the patch style checker prior to submission (scripts/checkpatch.pl). You should be able to justify all violations that remain in your patch. 5) Select e-mail destination. Look through the MAINTAINERS file and the source code, and determine if your change applies to a specific subsystem of the kernel, with an assigned maintainer. If so, e-mail that person. The script scripts/get_maintainer.pl can be very useful at this step. If no maintainer is listed, or the maintainer does not respond, send your patch to the primary Linux kernel developer's mailing list, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Most kernel developers monitor this e-mail list, and can comment on your changes. Do not send more than 15 patches at once to the vger mailing lists!!! Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into the Linux kernel. His e-mail address is <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>. He gets a lot of e-mail, so typically you should do your best to -avoid- sending him e-mail. Patches which are bug fixes, are "obvious" changes, or similarly require little discussion should be sent or CC'd to Linus. Patches which require discussion or do not have a clear advantage should usually be sent first to linux-kernel. Only after the patch is discussed should the patch then be submitted to Linus. 6) Select your CC (e-mail carbon copy) list. Unless you have a reason NOT to do so, CC linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org. Other kernel developers besides Linus need to be aware of your change, so that they may comment on it and offer code review and suggestions. linux-kernel is the primary Linux kernel developer mailing list. Other mailing lists are available for specific subsystems, such as USB, framebuffer devices, the VFS, the SCSI subsystem, etc. See the MAINTAINERS file for a mailing list that relates specifically to your change. Majordomo lists of VGER.KERNEL.ORG at: <http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html> If changes affect userland-kernel interfaces, please send the MAN-PAGES maintainer (as listed in the MAINTAINERS file) a man-pages patch, or at least a notification of the change, so that some information makes its way into the manual pages. Even if the maintainer did not respond in step #5, make sure to ALWAYS copy the maintainer when you change their code. For small patches you may want to CC the Trivial Patch Monkey trivial@kernel.org which collects "trivial" patches. Have a look into the MAINTAINERS file for its current manager. Trivial patches must qualify for one of the following rules: Spelling fixes in documentation Spelling fixes which could break grep(1) Warning fixes (cluttering with useless warnings is bad) Compilation fixes (only if they are actually correct) Runtime fixes (only if they actually fix things) Removing use of deprecated functions/macros (eg. check_region) Contact detail and documentation fixes Non-portable code replaced by portable code (even in arch-specific, since people copy, as long as it's trivial) Any fix by the author/maintainer of the file (ie. patch monkey in re-transmission mode) 7) No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments. Just plain text. Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and comment on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a kernel developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code. For this reason, all patches should be submitting e-mail "inline". WARNING: Be wary of your editor's word-wrap corrupting your patch, if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch. Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not. Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIME attachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on your code. A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process, decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted. Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask you to re-send them using MIME. See Documentation/email-clients.txt for hints about configuring your e-mail client so that it sends your patches untouched. 8) E-mail size. When sending patches to Linus, always follow step #7. Large changes are not appropriate for mailing lists, and some maintainers. If your patch, uncompressed, exceeds 300 kB in size, it is preferred that you store your patch on an Internet-accessible server, and provide instead a URL (link) pointing to your patch. 9) Name your kernel version. It is important to note, either in the subject line or in the patch description, the kernel version to which this patch applies. If the patch does not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version, Linus will not apply it. 10) Don't get discouraged. Re-submit. After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait. If Linus likes your change and applies it, it will appear in the next version of the kernel that he releases. However, if your change doesn't appear in the next version of the kernel, there could be any number of reasons. It's YOUR job to narrow down those reasons, correct what was wrong, and submit your updated change. It is quite common for Linus to "drop" your patch without comment. That's the nature of the system. If he drops your patch, it could be due to * Your patch did not apply cleanly to the latest kernel version. * Your patch was not sufficiently discussed on linux-kernel. * A style issue (see section 2). * An e-mail formatting issue (re-read this section). * A technical problem with your change. * He gets tons of e-mail, and yours got lost in the shuffle. * You are being annoying. When in doubt, solicit comments on linux-kernel mailing list. 11) Include PATCH in the subject Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is common convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets Linus and other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from other e-mail discussions. 12) Sign your work To improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches that can percolate to their final resting place in the kernel through several layers of maintainers, we've introduced a "sign-off" procedure on patches that are being emailed around. The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right to pass it on as an open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you can certify the below: Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I have the right to submit it under the open source license indicated in the file; or (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source license and I have the right under that license to submit that work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part by me, under the same open source license (unless I am permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated in the file; or (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified it. (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution are public and that a record of the contribution (including all personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with this project or the open source license(s) involved. then you just add a line saying Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> using your real name (sorry, no pseudonyms or anonymous contributions.) Some people also put extra tags at the end. They'll just be ignored for now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just point out some special detail about the sign-off. If you are a subsystem or branch maintainer, sometimes you need to slightly modify patches you receive in order to merge them, because the code is not exactly the same in your tree and the submitters'. If you stick strictly to rule (c), you should ask the submitter to rediff, but this is a totally counter-productive waste of time and energy. Rule (b) allows you to adjust the code, but then it is very impolite to change one submitter's code and make him endorse your bugs. To solve this problem, it is recommended that you add a line between the last Signed-off-by header and yours, indicating the nature of your changes. While there is nothing mandatory about this, it seems like prepending the description with your mail and/or name, all enclosed in square brackets, is noticeable enough to make it obvious that you are responsible for last-minute changes. Example : Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org> [lucky@maintainer.example.org: struct foo moved from foo.c to foo.h] Signed-off-by: Lucky K Maintainer <lucky@maintainer.example.org> This practise is particularly helpful if you maintain a stable branch and want at the same time to credit the author, track changes, merge the fix, and protect the submitter from complaints. Note that under no circumstances can you change the author's identity (the From header), as it is the one which appears in the changelog. Special note to back-porters: It seems to be a common and useful practise to insert an indication of the origin of a patch at the top of the commit message (just after the subject line) to facilitate tracking. For instance, here's what we see in 2.6-stable : Date: Tue May 13 19:10:30 2008 +0000 SCSI: libiscsi regression in 2.6.25: fix nop timer handling commit 4cf1043593db6a337f10e006c23c69e5fc93e722 upstream And here's what appears in 2.4 : Date: Tue May 13 22:12:27 2008 +0200 wireless, airo: waitbusy() won't delay [backport of 2.6 commit b7acbdfbd1f277c1eb23f344f899cfa4cd0bf36a] Whatever the format, this information provides a valuable help to people tracking your trees, and to people trying to trouble-shoot bugs in your tree. 13) When to use Acked-by: and Cc: The Signed-off-by: tag indicates that the signer was involved in the development of the patch, or that he/she was in the patch's delivery path. If a person was not directly involved in the preparation or handling of a patch but wishes to signify and record their approval of it then they can arrange to have an Acked-by: line added to the patch's changelog. Acked-by: is often used by the maintainer of the affected code when that maintainer neither contributed to nor forwarded the patch. Acked-by: is not as formal as Signed-off-by:. It is a record that the acker has at least reviewed the patch and has indicated acceptance. Hence patch mergers will sometimes manually convert an acker's "yep, looks good to me" into an Acked-by:. Acked-by: does not necessarily indicate acknowledgement of the entire patch. For example, if a patch affects multiple subsystems and has an Acked-by: from one subsystem maintainer then this usually indicates acknowledgement of just the part which affects that maintainer's code. Judgement should be used here. When in doubt people should refer to the original discussion in the mailing list archives. If a person has had the opportunity to comment on a patch, but has not provided such comments, you may optionally add a "Cc:" tag to the patch. This is the only tag which might be added without an explicit action by the person it names. This tag documents that potentially interested parties have been included in the discussion 14) Using Reported-by:, Tested-by:, Reviewed-by: and Suggested-by: If this patch fixes a problem reported by somebody else, consider adding a Reported-by: tag to credit the reporter for their contribution. Please note that this tag should not be added without the reporter's permission, especially if the problem was not reported in a public forum. That said, if we diligently credit our bug reporters, they will, hopefully, be inspired to help us again in the future. A Tested-by: tag indicates that the patch has been successfully tested (in some environment) by the person named. This tag informs maintainers that some testing has been performed, provides a means to locate testers for future patches, and ensures credit for the testers. Reviewed-by:, instead, indicates that the patch has been reviewed and found acceptable according to the Reviewer's Statement: Reviewer's statement of oversight By offering my Reviewed-by: tag, I state that: (a) I have carried out a technical review of this patch to evaluate its appropriateness and readiness for inclusion into the mainline kernel. (b) Any problems, concerns, or questions relating to the patch have been communicated back to the submitter. I am satisfied with the submitter's response to my comments. (c) While there may be things that could be improved with this submission, I believe that it is, at this time, (1) a worthwhile modification to the kernel, and (2) free of known issues which would argue against its inclusion. (d) While I have reviewed the patch and believe it to be sound, I do not (unless explicitly stated elsewhere) make any warranties or guarantees that it will achieve its stated purpose or function properly in any given situation. A Reviewed-by tag is a statement of opinion that the patch is an appropriate modification of the kernel without any remaining serious technical issues. Any interested reviewer (who has done the work) can offer a Reviewed-by tag for a patch. This tag serves to give credit to reviewers and to inform maintainers of the degree of review which has been done on the patch. Reviewed-by: tags, when supplied by reviewers known to understand the subject area and to perform thorough reviews, will normally increase the likelihood of your patch getting into the kernel. A Suggested-by: tag indicates that the patch idea is suggested by the person named and ensures credit to the person for the idea. Please note that this tag should not be added without the reporter's permission, especially if the idea was not posted in a public forum. That said, if we diligently credit our idea reporters, they will, hopefully, be inspired to help us again in the future. 15) The canonical patch format The canonical patch subject line is: Subject: [PATCH 001/123] subsystem: summary phrase The canonical patch message body contains the following: - A "from" line specifying the patch author. - An empty line.