.TH MAP 7.SH NAMEmap, mapdemo \- draw maps on various projections.SH SYNOPSIS.B map.I projection[.I option ...].PP.B mapdemo.PP.SH DESCRIPTION.I Mapprepares on the standard output amap suitable for display by anyplotting filter described in.IR plot (1).A menu of projections is produced in response to an unknown.IR projection ..I Mapdemois a short course in mapping..PPThe default data for.I mapare world shorelines.Option.B -faccesses more detailed dataclassified by feature..TP.BR -f " [ \fIfeature\fR ... ]"Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to minor.Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-numbered ones.Features are.RS.TF country[1-3].TP.BR shore [ 1 - 4 ] seacoasts, lakes, and islands; option.B -falways shows.B shore1.TP.BR ilake [ 1 - 2 ] intermittent lakes.TP.BR river [ 1 - 4 ] rivers.TP.BR iriver [ 1 - 3 ] intermittent rivers.TP.BR canal [ 1 - 3 ] .BR 3 =irrigationcanals.TP.BR glacier.TP.BR iceshelf [ 12 ] .TP.BR reef.TP.BR saltpan [ 12 ] .TP.BR country [ 1 - 3 ] .BR 2 =disputedboundaries,.BR 3 =indefiniteboundaries.TP.BR statestates and provinces (US and Canada only).PD.RE.PPIn other optionscoordinates are in degrees, with north latitudeand west longitude counted as positive..TP 0.BI -l " S N E W"Set the southern and northern latitudeand the eastern and western longitude limits.Missing arguments are filled out from the list\-90, 90, \-180, 180,or lesser limits suitable to theprojection at hand..TP.BI -k " S N E WSet the scale as if for a map with limits.B -l.I "S N E W"\f1.Do not consider any.B -lor.B -woption in setting scale..TP.BI -o " lat lon rot"Orient the map in a nonstandard position.Imagine a transparent gridded sphere around the globe.Turn the overlay about the North Poleso that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0)of the overlay coincides with meridian.I lonon the globe.Then tilt the North Pole of theoverlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude.I laton the globe.Finally again turn theoverlay about its `North Pole' sothat its Prime Meridian coincides with the previous positionof meridian.IR rot .Project the map inthe standard form appropriate to the overlay, but presentinginformation from the underlying globe.Missing arguments are filled out from the list90, 0, 0.In the absence of.BR - o ,the orientation is 90, 0,.IR m ,where.I mis the middle of the longitude range..TP.BI -w " S N E W"Window the map by the specified latitudesand longitudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system.Missing arguments are filled out from the list \-90, 90, \-180, 180.(It is wise to give an encompassing.B -loption with.BR -w .Otherwise for small windows computing timevaries inversely with area!).TP.BI -d " n"For speed, plot only every.IR n thpoint..TP.B -rReverse left and right(good for star charts and inside-out views)..ns.TP.B -vVerso.Switch to a normally suppressed sheet of the map, such as theback side of the earth in orthographic projection..TP.B -s1.br.ns.TP.B -s2Superpose; outputs for a.B -s1map (no closing) and a.B -s2map (no opening) may be concatenated..TP.BI -g " dlat dlon res"Grid spacings are.IR dlat ,.IR dlon .Zero spacing means no grid.Missing.I dlatis taken to be zero.Missing.I dlonis taken the same as.IR dlat .Grid lines are drawn to a resolution of.I res(2° or less by default).In the absence of.BR - g ,grid spacing is 10°..TP.BI -p " lat lon extent"Position the point.I lat, lonat the center of the plotting area.Scale the map so that the height (and width) of thenominal plotting area is.I extenttimes the size of one degree of latitudeat the center.By default maps are scaled and positionedto fit within the plotting area.An.I extentoverrides option.BR -k ..TP.BI -c " x y rot"After all other positioning and scaling operationshave been performed, rotate the image.I rotdegrees counterclockwise about the center and move the center to position.IR x ,.IR y ,where the nominal plotting area is.RI \-1≤ x ≤1,.RI \-1≤ y ≤1.Missing arguments are taken to be 0..BR -xAllow the map to extend outside the nominal plotting area..TP.BR -m " [ \fIfile\fP ... ]"Usemap data from named files.If no files are named, omit map data.Names that do not exist as pathnames are looked up ina standard directory, which contains, in addition to thedata for.BR -f ,.RS.LP.TF counties.TP.B worldWorld Data Bank I (default).TP.B statesUS map from Census Bureau.TP.B countiesUS map from Census Bureau.PD.RE.IPThe environment variables.B MAP and.B MAPDIR change the defaultmap and default directory..TP.BI -b " \fR[\fPlat0 lon0 lat1 lon1\fR... ]"Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary(defined by options.BR -l and.BR -w ).Coordinates, if present, define the vertices of apolygon to which the map is clipped.If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be thediagonal of a rectangle.To draw the polygon, give its vertices as a.B -utrack..TP.BI -t " file ..."The.I filescontain lists of points,given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees.If the first file is named .LR - ,the standard input is taken instead.The points of each list are plotted as connected `tracks'..IPPoints in a track file may be followed by label strings.A label breaks the track.A label may be prefixed by\fL"\fR,.LR : ,or .L !and is terminated by a newline.An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with.L"is displayed at the designated point.The first word of a.L :or.L !string names a special symbol (see option.BR -y ).An optional numerical second word is a scale factorfor the size of the symbol, 1 by default.A.L :symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a.L !symbol is aligned vertically on the page..TP.BI -u " file ..."Same as.BR -t ,except the tracks areunbroken lines..RB ( -ttracks appear as dot-dashed lines if the plotting filter supports them.).TP.BI -y " fileThe.I filecontains .IR plot (6)-styledata for.L :or.L !labels in.B -tor.B -ufiles.Each symbol is defined by a comment.BI : namethen a sequence of.L mand.L vcommands.Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point.Default scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were.LR "ra -1 -1 1 1" ;.L racommands in.I filechange the scaling..SS ProjectionsEquatorial projections centered on the Prime Meridian(longitude 0).Parallels are straight horizontal lines..PP.PD 0.TP 1.5i.B mercatorequally spaced straight meridians, conformal,straight compass courses.TP.B sinusoidalequally spaced parallels,equal-area, same as.LR "bonne 0" ..TP.BI cylequalarea " lat0"equally spaced straight meridians, equal-area,true scale on.I lat0.TP.B cylindricalcentral projection on tangent cylinder.TP.BI rectangular " lat0"equally spaced parallels, equally spaced straight meridians, true scale on.I lat0.TP.BI gall " lat0"parallels spaced stereographically on prime meridian, equally spaced straightmeridians, true scale on.I lat0.TP.B mollweide(homalographic) equal-area, hemisphere is a circle.br.B gilbert()sphere conformally mapped on hemisphere and viewed orthographically.TP.B gilbertglobe mapped conformally on hemisphere, viewed orthographically.PD.PPAzimuthal projections centered on the North Pole.Parallels are concentric circles.Meridians are equally spaced radial lines..PP.PD 0.TP 1.5i.B azequidistantequally spaced parallels,true distances from pole.TP.B azequalareaequal-area.TP.B gnomoniccentral projection on tangent plane,straight great circles.TP.BI perspective " dist"viewed along earth's axis.I distearth radii from center of earth.TP.B orthographicviewed from infinity.TP.B stereographicconformal, projected from opposite pole.TP.B laue.IR radius " = tan(2\(mu" colatitude ),used in X-ray crystallography.TP.BI fisheye " n"stereographic seen from just inside medium with refractive index.I n.TP.BI newyorker " r".IR radius " = log(" colatitude / r ):.I New Yorkermap from viewing pedestal of radius.I rdegrees.PD.PPPolar conic projections symmetric about the Prime Meridian.Parallels are segments of concentric circles.Except in the Bonne projection,meridians are equally spaced radiallines orthogonal to the parallels..PP.PD 0.TP 1.5i.BI conic " lat0"central projection on cone tangent at.I lat0.TP.BI simpleconic " lat0 lat1"equally spaced parallels, true scale on.I lat0and.I lat1.TP.BI lambert " lat0 lat1"conformal, true scale on .I lat0and .I lat1.TP.BI albers " lat0 lat1"equal-area, true scale on.I lat0and .I lat1.TP.BI bonne " lat0"equally spaced parallels, equal-area,parallel.I lat0developed from tangent cone.PD.PPProjections with bilateral symmetry aboutthe Prime Meridianand the equator..PP.PD 0.TP 1.5i.B polyconicparallels developed from tangent cones,equally spaced along Prime Meridian.TP.B aitoffequal-area projection of globe onto 2-to-1ellipse, based on .I azequalarea.TP.B lagrangeconformal, maps whole sphere into a circle.TP.BI bicentric " lon0"points plotted at true azimuth from twocenters on the equator at longitudes.IR ±lon0 ,great circles are straight lines(a stretched.IR gnomonic).TP.BI elliptic " lon0"points plotted at true distance fromtwo centers on the equator at longitudes.I ±lon0.TP.B globularhemisphere is circle,circular arc meridians equally spaced on equator,circular arc parallels equally spaced on 0- and 90-degree meridians.TP.B vandergrintensphere is circle,meridians as in.IR globular ,circular arc parallels resemble .I mercator.PD.PPLines 1–500 of 675. 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.TH MAP 7 .SH NAME map, mapdemo \- draw maps on various projections .SH SYNOPSIS .B map .I projection [ .I option ... ] .PP .B mapdemo .PP .SH DESCRIPTION .I Map prepares on the standard output a map suitable for display by any plotting filter described in .IR plot (1). A menu of projections is produced in response to an unknown .IR projection . .I Mapdemo is a short course in mapping. .PP The default data for .I map are world shorelines. Option .B -f accesses more detailed data classified by feature. .TP .BR -f " [ \fIfeature\fR ... ]" Features are ranked 1 (default) to 4 from major to minor. Higher-numbered ranks include all lower-numbered ones. Features are .RS .TF country[1-3] .TP .BR shore [ 1 - 4 ] seacoasts, lakes, and islands; option .B -f always shows .B shore1 .TP .BR ilake [ 1 - 2 ] intermittent lakes .TP .BR river [ 1 - 4 ] rivers .TP .BR iriver [ 1 - 3 ] intermittent rivers .TP .BR canal [ 1 - 3 ] .BR 3 =irrigation canals .TP .BR glacier .TP .BR iceshelf [ 12 ] .TP .BR reef .TP .BR saltpan [ 12 ] .TP .BR country [ 1 - 3 ] .BR 2 =disputed boundaries, .BR 3 =indefinite boundaries .TP .BR state states and provinces (US and Canada only) .PD .RE .PP In other options coordinates are in degrees, with north latitude and west longitude counted as positive. .TP 0 .BI -l " S N E W" Set the southern and northern latitude and the eastern and western longitude limits. Missing arguments are filled out from the list \-90, 90, \-180, 180, or lesser limits suitable to the projection at hand. .TP .BI -k " S N E W Set the scale as if for a map with limits .B -l .I "S N E W"\f1. Do not consider any .B -l or .B -w option in setting scale. .TP .BI -o " lat lon rot" Orient the map in a nonstandard position. Imagine a transparent gridded sphere around the globe. Turn the overlay about the North Pole so that the Prime Meridian (longitude 0) of the overlay coincides with meridian .I lon on the globe. Then tilt the North Pole of the overlay along its Prime Meridian to latitude .I lat on the globe. Finally again turn the overlay about its `North Pole' so that its Prime Meridian coincides with the previous position of meridian .IR rot . Project the map in the standard form appropriate to the overlay, but presenting information from the underlying globe. Missing arguments are filled out from the list 90, 0, 0. In the absence of .BR - o , the orientation is 90, 0, .IR m , where .I m is the middle of the longitude range. .TP .BI -w " S N E W" Window the map by the specified latitudes and longitudes in the tilted, rotated coordinate system. Missing arguments are filled out from the list \-90, 90, \-180, 180. (It is wise to give an encompassing .B -l option with .BR -w . Otherwise for small windows computing time varies inversely with area!) .TP .BI -d " n" For speed, plot only every .IR n th point. .TP .B -r Reverse left and right (good for star charts and inside-out views). .ns .TP .B -v Verso. Switch to a normally suppressed sheet of the map, such as the back side of the earth in orthographic projection. .TP .B -s1 .br .ns .TP .B -s2 Superpose; outputs for a .B -s1 map (no closing) and a .B -s2 map (no opening) may be concatenated. .TP .BI -g " dlat dlon res" Grid spacings are .IR dlat , .IR dlon . Zero spacing means no grid. Missing .I dlat is taken to be zero. Missing .I dlon is taken the same as .IR dlat . Grid lines are drawn to a resolution of .I res (2° or less by default). In the absence of .BR - g , grid spacing is 10°. .TP .BI -p " lat lon extent" Position the point .I lat, lon at the center of the plotting area. Scale the map so that the height (and width) of the nominal plotting area is .I extent times the size of one degree of latitude at the center. By default maps are scaled and positioned to fit within the plotting area. An .I extent overrides option .BR -k . .TP .BI -c " x y rot" After all other positioning and scaling operations have been performed, rotate the image .I rot degrees counterclockwise about the center and move the center to position .IR x , .IR y , where the nominal plotting area is .RI \-1≤ x ≤1, .RI \-1≤ y ≤1. Missing arguments are taken to be 0. .BR -x Allow the map to extend outside the nominal plotting area. .TP .BR -m " [ \fIfile\fP ... ]" Use map data from named files. If no files are named, omit map data. Names that do not exist as pathnames are looked up in a standard directory, which contains, in addition to the data for .BR -f , .RS .LP .TF counties .TP .B world World Data Bank I (default) .TP .B states US map from Census Bureau .TP .B counties US map from Census Bureau .PD .RE .IP The environment variables .B MAP and .B MAPDIR change the default map and default directory. .TP .BI -b " \fR[\fPlat0 lon0 lat1 lon1\fR... ]" Suppress the drawing of the normal boundary (defined by options .BR -l and .BR -w ). Coordinates, if present, define the vertices of a polygon to which the map is clipped. If only two vertices are given, they are taken to be the diagonal of a rectangle. To draw the polygon, give its vertices as a .B -u track. .TP .BI -t " file ..." The .I files contain lists of points, given as latitude-longitude pairs in degrees. If the first file is named .LR - , the standard input is taken instead. The points of each list are plotted as connected `tracks'. .IP Points in a track file may be followed by label strings. A label breaks the track. A label may be prefixed by \fL"\fR, .LR : , or .L ! and is terminated by a newline. An unprefixed string or a string prefixed with .L " is displayed at the designated point. The first word of a .L : or .L ! string names a special symbol (see option .BR -y ). An optional numerical second word is a scale factor for the size of the symbol, 1 by default. A .L : symbol is aligned with its top to the north; a .L ! symbol is aligned vertically on the page. .TP .BI -u " file ..." Same as .BR -t , except the tracks are unbroken lines. .RB ( -t tracks appear as dot-dashed lines if the plotting filter supports them.) .TP .BI -y " file The .I file contains .IR plot (6)-style data for .L : or .L ! labels in .B -t or .B -u files. Each symbol is defined by a comment .BI : name then a sequence of .L m and .L v commands. Coordinates (0,0) fall on the plotting point. Default scaling is as if the nominal plotting range were .LR "ra -1 -1 1 1" ; .L ra commands in .I file change the scaling. .SS Projections Equatorial projections centered on the Prime Meridian (longitude 0). Parallels are straight horizontal lines. .PP .PD 0 .TP 1.5i .B mercator equally spaced straight meridians, conformal, straight compass courses .TP .B sinusoidal equally spaced parallels, equal-area, same as .LR "bonne 0" . .TP .BI cylequalarea " lat0" equally spaced straight meridians, equal-area, true scale on .I lat0 .TP .B cylindrical central projection on tangent cylinder .TP .BI rectangular " lat0" equally spaced parallels, equally spaced straight meridians, true scale on .I lat0 .TP .BI gall " lat0" parallels spaced stereographically on prime meridian, equally spaced straight meridians, true scale on .I lat0 .TP .B mollweide (homalographic) equal-area, hemisphere is a circle .br .B gilbert() sphere conformally mapped on hemisphere and viewed orthographically .TP .B gilbert globe mapped conformally on hemisphere, viewed orthographically .PD .PP Azimuthal projections centered on the North Pole. Parallels are concentric circles. Meridians are equally spaced radial lines. .PP .PD 0 .TP 1.5i .B azequidistant equally spaced parallels, true distances from pole .TP .B azequalarea equal-area .TP .B gnomonic central projection on tangent plane, straight great circles .TP .BI perspective " dist" viewed along earth's axis .I dist earth radii from center of earth .TP .B orthographic viewed from infinity .TP .B stereographic conformal, projected from opposite pole .TP .B laue .IR radius " = tan(2\(mu" colatitude ), used in X-ray crystallography .TP .BI fisheye " n" stereographic seen from just inside medium with refractive index .I n .TP .BI newyorker " r" .IR radius " = log(" colatitude / r ): .I New Yorker map from viewing pedestal of radius .I r degrees .PD .PP Polar conic projections symmetric about the Prime Meridian. Parallels are segments of concentric circles. Except in the Bonne projection, meridians are equally spaced radial lines orthogonal to the parallels. .PP .PD 0 .TP 1.5i .BI conic " lat0" central projection on cone tangent at .I lat0 .TP .BI simpleconic " lat0 lat1" equally spaced parallels, true scale on .I lat0 and .I lat1 .TP .BI lambert " lat0 lat1" conformal, true scale on .I lat0 and .I lat1 .TP .BI albers " lat0 lat1" equal-area, true scale on .I lat0 and .I lat1 .TP .BI bonne " lat0" equally spaced parallels, equal-area, parallel .I lat0 developed from tangent cone .PD .PP Projections with bilateral symmetry about the Prime Meridian and the equator. .PP .PD 0 .TP 1.5i .B polyconic parallels developed from tangent cones, equally spaced along Prime Meridian .TP .B aitoff equal-area projection of globe onto 2-to-1 ellipse, based on .I azequalarea .TP .B lagrange conformal, maps whole sphere into a circle .TP .BI bicentric " lon0" points plotted at true azimuth from two centers on the equator at longitudes .IR ±lon0 , great circles are straight lines (a stretched .IR gnomonic ) .TP .BI elliptic " lon0" points plotted at true distance from two centers on the equator at longitudes .I ±lon0 .TP .B globular hemisphere is circle, circular arc meridians equally spaced on equator, circular arc parallels equally spaced on 0- and 90-degree meridians .TP .B vandergrinten sphere is circle, meridians as in .IR globular , circular arc parallels resemble .I mercator .PD .PP