/* * Copyright (c) 2002, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER. * * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as * published by the Free Software Foundation.  Oracle designates this * particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided * by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code. * * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that * accompanied this code). * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA. * * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any * questions. */ package java.lang; import java.util.Arrays;import java.util.Map;import java.util.HashMap;import java.util.Locale; /** * The {@code Character} class wraps a value of the primitive * type {@code char} in an object. An object of type * {@code Character} contains a single field whose type is * {@code char}. * <p> * In addition, this class provides several methods for determining * a character's category (lowercase letter, digit, etc.) and for converting * characters from uppercase to lowercase and vice versa. * <p> * Character information is based on the Unicode Standard, version 6.0.0. * <p> * The methods and data of class {@code Character} are defined by * the information in the <i>UnicodeData</i> file that is part of the * Unicode Character Database maintained by the Unicode * Consortium. This file specifies various properties including name * and general category for every defined Unicode code point or * character range. * <p> * The file and its description are available from the Unicode Consortium at: * <ul> * <li><a href="http://www.unicode.org">http://www.unicode.org</a> * </ul> * * <h4><a name="unicode">Unicode Character Representations</a></h4> * * <p>The {@code char} data type (and therefore the value that a * {@code Character} object encapsulates) are based on the * original Unicode specification, which defined characters as * fixed-width 16-bit entities. The Unicode Standard has since been * changed to allow for characters whose representation requires more * than 16 bits.  The range of legal <em>code point</em>s is now * U+0000 to U+10FFFF, known as <em>Unicode scalar value</em>. * (Refer to the <a * href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr27/#notation"><i> * definition</i></a> of the U+<i>n</i> notation in the Unicode * Standard.) * * <p><a name="BMP">The set of characters from U+0000 to U+FFFF is * sometimes referred to as the <em>Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP)</em>. * <a name="supplementary">Characters</a> whose code points are greater * than U+FFFF are called <em>supplementary character</em>s.  The Java * platform uses the UTF-16 representation in {@code char} arrays and * in the {@code String} and {@code StringBuffer} classes. In * this representation, supplementary characters are represented as a pair * of {@code char} values, the first from the <em>high-surrogates</em> * range, (&#92;uD800-&#92;uDBFF), the second from the * <em>low-surrogates</em> range (&#92;uDC00-&#92;uDFFF). * * <p>A {@code char} value, therefore, represents Basic * Multilingual Plane (BMP) code points, including the surrogate * code points, or code units of the UTF-16 encoding. An * {@code int} value represents all Unicode code points, * including supplementary code points. The lower (least significant) * 21 bits of {@code int} are used to represent Unicode code * points and the upper (most significant) 11 bits must be zero. * Unless otherwise specified, the behavior with respect to * supplementary characters and surrogate {@code char} values is * as follows: * * <ul> * <li>The methods that only accept a {@code char} value cannot support * supplementary characters. They treat {@code char} values from the * surrogate ranges as undefined characters. For example, * {@code Character.isLetter('\u005CuD840')} returns {@code false}, even though * this specific value if followed by any low-surrogate value in a string * would represent a letter. * * <li>The methods that accept an {@code int} value support all * Unicode characters, including supplementary characters. For * example, {@code Character.isLetter(0x2F81A)} returns * {@code true} because the code point value represents a letter * (a CJK ideograph). * </ul> * * <p>In the Java SE API documentation, <em>Unicode code point</em> is * used for character values in the range between U+0000 and U+10FFFF, * and <em>Unicode code unit</em> is used for 16-bit * {@code char} values that are code units of the <em>UTF-16</em> * encoding. For more information on Unicode terminology, refer to the * <a href="http://www.unicode.org/glossary/">Unicode Glossary</a>. * * @author  Lee Boynton * @author  Guy Steele * @author  Akira Tanaka * @author  Martin Buchholz * @author  Ulf Zibis * @since   1.0 */public finalclass Character implements java.io.Serializable, Comparable<Character> {    /**     * The minimum radix available for conversion to and from strings.     * The constant value of this field is the smallest value permitted     * for the radix argument in radix-conversion methods such as the     * {@code digit} method, the {@code forDigit} method, and the     * {@code toString} method of class {@code Integer}.     *     * @see     Character#digit(char, int)     * @see     Character#forDigit(int, int)     * @see     Integer#toString(int, int)     * @see     Integer#valueOf(String)     */    public static final int MIN_RADIX = 2;     /**     * The maximum radix available for conversion to and from strings.     * The constant value of this field is the largest value permitted     * for the radix argument in radix-conversion methods such as the     * {@code digit} method, the {@code forDigit} method, and the     * {@code toString} method of class {@code Integer}.     *     * @see     Character#digit(char, int)     * @see     Character#forDigit(int, int)     * @see     Integer#toString(int, int)     * @see     Integer#valueOf(String)     */    public static final int MAX_RADIX = 36;     /**     * The constant value of this field is the smallest value of type     * {@code char}, {@code '\u005Cu0000'}.     *     * @since   1.0.2     */    public static final char MIN_VALUE = '\u0000';     /**     * The constant value of this field is the largest value of type     * {@code char}, {@code '\u005CuFFFF'}.     *     * @since   1.0.2     */    public static final char MAX_VALUE = '\uFFFF';     /**     * The {@code Class} instance representing the primitive type     * {@code char}.     *     * @since   1.1     */    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")    public static final Class<Character> TYPE = Class.getPrimitiveClass("char");     /*     * Normative general types     */     /*     * General character types     */     /**     * General category "Cn" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte UNASSIGNED = 0;     /**     * General category "Lu" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte UPPERCASE_LETTER = 1;     /**     * General category "Ll" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte LOWERCASE_LETTER = 2;     /**     * General category "Lt" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte TITLECASE_LETTER = 3;     /**     * General category "Lm" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte MODIFIER_LETTER = 4;     /**     * General category "Lo" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte OTHER_LETTER = 5;     /**     * General category "Mn" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte NON_SPACING_MARK = 6;     /**     * General category "Me" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte ENCLOSING_MARK = 7;     /**     * General category "Mc" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte COMBINING_SPACING_MARK = 8;     /**     * General category "Nd" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte DECIMAL_DIGIT_NUMBER        = 9;     /**     * General category "Nl" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte LETTER_NUMBER = 10;     /**     * General category "No" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte OTHER_NUMBER = 11;     /**     * General category "Zs" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte SPACE_SEPARATOR = 12;     /**     * General category "Zl" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte LINE_SEPARATOR = 13;     /**     * General category "Zp" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR = 14;     /**     * General category "Cc" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte CONTROL = 15;     /**     * General category "Cf" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte FORMAT = 16;     /**     * General category "Co" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte PRIVATE_USE = 18;     /**     * General category "Cs" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte SURROGATE = 19;     /**     * General category "Pd" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte DASH_PUNCTUATION = 20;     /**     * General category "Ps" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte START_PUNCTUATION = 21;     /**     * General category "Pe" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte END_PUNCTUATION = 22;     /**     * General category "Pc" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte CONNECTOR_PUNCTUATION = 23;     /**     * General category "Po" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte OTHER_PUNCTUATION = 24;     /**     * General category "Sm" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte MATH_SYMBOL = 25;     /**     * General category "Sc" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte CURRENCY_SYMBOL = 26;     /**     * General category "Sk" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte MODIFIER_SYMBOL = 27;     /**     * General category "So" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.1     */    public static final byte OTHER_SYMBOL = 28;     /**     * General category "Pi" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.4     */    public static final byte INITIAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION = 29;     /**     * General category "Pf" in the Unicode specification.     * @since   1.4     */    public static final byte FINAL_QUOTE_PUNCTUATION = 30;     /**     * Error flag. Use int (code point) to avoid confusion with U+FFFF.     */    static final int ERROR = 0xFFFFFFFF;      /**     * Undefined bidirectional character type. Undefined {@code char}     * values have undefined directionality in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_UNDEFINED = -1;     /**     * Strong bidirectional character type "L" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_LEFT_TO_RIGHT = 0;     /**     * Strong bidirectional character type "R" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_RIGHT_TO_LEFT = 1;     /**    * Strong bidirectional character type "AL" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_RIGHT_TO_LEFT_ARABIC = 2;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "EN" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_EUROPEAN_NUMBER = 3;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "ES" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_EUROPEAN_NUMBER_SEPARATOR = 4;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "ET" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_EUROPEAN_NUMBER_TERMINATOR = 5;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "AN" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_ARABIC_NUMBER = 6;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "CS" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_COMMON_NUMBER_SEPARATOR = 7;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "NSM" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_NONSPACING_MARK = 8;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "BN" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_BOUNDARY_NEUTRAL = 9;     /**     * Neutral bidirectional character type "B" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_PARAGRAPH_SEPARATOR = 10;     /**     * Neutral bidirectional character type "S" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_SEGMENT_SEPARATOR = 11;     /**     * Neutral bidirectional character type "WS" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_WHITESPACE = 12;     /**     * Neutral bidirectional character type "ON" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_OTHER_NEUTRALS = 13;     /**     * Strong bidirectional character type "LRE" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_LEFT_TO_RIGHT_EMBEDDING = 14;     /**     * Strong bidirectional character type "LRO" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_LEFT_TO_RIGHT_OVERRIDE = 15;     /**     * Strong bidirectional character type "RLE" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_RIGHT_TO_LEFT_EMBEDDING = 16;     /**     * Strong bidirectional character type "RLO" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_RIGHT_TO_LEFT_OVERRIDE = 17;     /**     * Weak bidirectional character type "PDF" in the Unicode specification.     * @since 1.4     */    public static final byte DIRECTIONALITY_POP_DIRECTIONAL_FORMAT = 18;     /**     * The minimum value of a     * <a href="http://www.unicode.org/glossary/#high_surrogate_code_unit">     * Unicode high-surrogate code unit</a>     * in the UTF-16 encoding, constant {@code '\u005CuD800'}.     * A high-surrogate is also known as a <i>leading-surrogate</i>.     *     * @since 1.5     */

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