\chapter{Reference Counting \label{countingRefs}}  The macros in this section are used for managing reference countsof Python objects.  \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{Py_INCREF}{PyObject *o}  Increment the reference count for object \var{o}.  The object must  not be \NULL; if you aren't sure that it isn't \NULL, use  \cfunction{Py_XINCREF()}.\end{cfuncdesc} \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{Py_XINCREF}{PyObject *o}  Increment the reference count for object \var{o}.  The object may be  \NULL, in which case the macro has no effect.\end{cfuncdesc} \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{Py_DECREF}{PyObject *o}  Decrement the reference count for object \var{o}.  The object must  not be \NULL; if you aren't sure that it isn't \NULL, use  \cfunction{Py_XDECREF()}.  If the reference count reaches zero, the  object's type's deallocation function (which must not be \NULL) is  invoked.   \warning{The deallocation function can cause arbitrary Python code  to be invoked (e.g. when a class instance with a \method{__del__()}  method is deallocated).  While exceptions in such code are not  propagated, the executed code has free access to all Python global  variables.  This means that any object that is reachable from a  global variable should be in a consistent state before  \cfunction{Py_DECREF()} is invoked.  For example, code to delete an  object from a list should copy a reference to the deleted object in  a temporary variable, update the list data structure, and then call  \cfunction{Py_DECREF()} for the temporary variable.}\end{cfuncdesc} \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{Py_XDECREF}{PyObject *o}  Decrement the reference count for object \var{o}.  The object may be  \NULL, in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect  is the same as for \cfunction{Py_DECREF()}, and the same warning  applies.\end{cfuncdesc} \begin{cfuncdesc}{void}{Py_CLEAR}{PyObject *o}  Decrement the reference count for object \var{o}.  The object may be  \NULL, in which case the macro has no effect; otherwise the effect  is the same as for \cfunction{Py_DECREF()}, except that the argument  is also set to \NULL.  The warning for \cfunction{Py_DECREF()} does  not apply with respect to the object passed because the macro  carefully uses a temporary variable and sets the argument to \NULL  before decrementing its reference count.   It is a good idea to use this macro whenever decrementing the value  of a variable that might be traversed during garbage collection. \versionadded{2.4}\end{cfuncdesc}  The following functions are for runtime dynamic embedding of Python:\cfunction{Py_IncRef(PyObject *o)}, \cfunction{Py_DecRef(PyObject *o)}.They are simply exported function versions of \cfunction{Py_XINCREF()} and \cfunction{Py_XDECREF()}, respectively. The following functions or macros are only for use within theinterpreter core: \cfunction{_Py_Dealloc()},\cfunction{_Py_ForgetReference()}, \cfunction{_Py_NewReference()}, aswell as the global variable \cdata{_Py_RefTotal}.