\section{\module{shelve} --- Python object persistence} \declaremodule{standard}{shelve}\modulesynopsis{Python object persistence.} A ``shelf'' is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The differencewith ``dbm'' databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelfcan be essentially arbitrary Python objects --- anything that the\refmodule{pickle} module can handle. This includes most classinstances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.\refstmodindex{pickle} \begin{funcdesc}{open}{filename\optional{,flag='c'\optional{,protocol=\code{None}\optional{,writeback=\code{False}}}}}Open a persistent dictionary. The filename specified is the base filenamefor the underlying database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added tothe filename and more than one file may be created. By default, theunderlying database file is opened for reading and writing. The optional{}\var{flag} parameter has the same interpretation as the \var{flag}parameter of \function{anydbm.open}. By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the\var{protocol} parameter. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}parameter was added]{2.3} By default, mutations to persistent-dictionary mutable entries are notautomatically written back. If the optional \var{writeback} parameteris set to {}\var{True}, all entries accessed are cached in memory, andwritten back at close time; this can make it handier to mutate mutableentries in the persistent dictionary, but, if many entries areaccessed, it can consume vast amounts of memory for the cache, and itcan make the close operation very slow since all accessed entries arewritten back (there is no way to determine which accessed entries aremutable, nor which ones were actually mutated). \end{funcdesc} Shelve objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This easesthe transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistentstorage. One additional method is supported:\begin{methoddesc}[Shelf]{sync}{}Write back all entries in the cache if the shelf was opened with\var{writeback} set to \var{True}. Also empty the cache and synchronizethe persistent dictionary on disk, if feasible. This is called automaticallywhen the shelf is closed with \method{close()}.\end{methoddesc} \subsection{Restrictions} \begin{itemize} \itemThe choice of which database package will be used(such as \refmodule{dbm}, \refmodule{gdbm} or \refmodule{bsddb}) depends onwhich interface is available. Therefore it is not safe to open the databasedirectly using \refmodule{dbm}. The database is also (unfortunately) subjectto the limitations of \refmodule{dbm}, if it is used --- this meansthat (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in thedatabase should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions maycause the database to refuse updates.\refbimodindex{dbm}\refbimodindex{gdbm}\refbimodindex{bsddb} \itemDepending on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary mayor may not be necessary to flush changes to disk. The \method{__del__}method of the \class{Shelf} class calls the \method{close} method, so theprogrammer generally need not do this explicitly. \itemThe \module{shelve} module does not support \emph{concurrent} read/writeaccess to shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses aresafe.) When a program has a shelf open for writing, no other programshould have it open for reading or writing. \UNIX{} file locking canbe used to solve this, but this differs across \UNIX{} versions andrequires knowledge about the database implementation used. \end{itemize} \begin{classdesc}{Shelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}A subclass of \class{UserDict.DictMixin} which stores pickled values in the\var{dict} object. By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. Theversion of the pickle protocol can be specified with the\var{protocol} parameter. See the \module{pickle} documentation for adiscussion of the pickle protocols. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}parameter was added]{2.3} If the \var{writeback} parameter is \code{True}, the object will hold acache of all entries accessed and write them back to the \var{dict} atsync and close times. This allows natural operations on mutable entries,but can consume much more memory and make sync and close take a long time.\end{classdesc} \begin{classdesc}{BsdDbShelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}} A subclass of \class{Shelf} which exposes \method{first},\method{next}, \method{previous}, \method{last} and\method{set_location} which are available in the \module{bsddb} modulebut not in other database modules. The \var{dict} object passed tothe constructor must support those methods. This is generallyaccomplished by calling one of \function{bsddb.hashopen},\function{bsddb.btopen} or \function{bsddb.rnopen}. The optional\var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parameters have thesame interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class. \end{classdesc} \begin{classdesc}{DbfilenameShelf}{filename\optional{, flag='c'\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}} A subclass of \class{Shelf} which accepts a \var{filename} instead ofa dict-like object. The underlying file will be opened using{}\function{anydbm.open}. By default, the file will be created andopened for both read and write. The optional \var{flag} parameter hasthe same interpretation as for the \function{open} function. Theoptional \var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parametershave the same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class. \end{classdesc} \subsection{Example} To summarize the interface (\code{key} is a string, \code{data} is anarbitrary object): \begin{verbatim}import shelve d = shelve.open(filename) # open -- file may get suffix added by low-level # library d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if # using an existing key)data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of data at key (raise KeyError if no # such key)del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError # if no such key)flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key existsklist = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!) # as d was opened WITHOUT writeback=True, beware:d['xx'] = range(4) # this works as expected, but...d['xx'].append(5) # *this doesn't!* -- d['xx'] is STILL range(4)!!! # having opened d without writeback=True, you need to code carefully:temp = d['xx'] # extracts the copytemp.append(5) # mutates the copyd['xx'] = temp # stores the copy right back, to persist it # or, d=shelve.open(filename,writeback=True) would let you just code# d['xx'].append(5) and have it work as expected, BUT it would also# consume more memory and make the d.close() operation slower. d.close() # close it\end{verbatim} \begin{seealso} \seemodule{anydbm}{Generic interface to \code{dbm}-style databases.} \seemodule{bsddb}{BSD \code{db} database interface.} \seemodule{dbhash}{Thin layer around the \module{bsddb} which provides an \function{open} function like the other database modules.} \seemodule{dbm}{Standard \UNIX{} database interface.} \seemodule{dumbdbm}{Portable implementation of the \code{dbm} interface.} \seemodule{gdbm}{GNU database interface, based on the \code{dbm} interface.} \seemodule{pickle}{Object serialization used by \module{shelve}.} \seemodule{cPickle}{High-performance version of \refmodule{pickle}.}\end{seealso}
\section{\module{shelve} ---
Python object persistence}
\declaremodule{standard}{shelve}
\modulesynopsis{Python object persistence.}
A ``shelf'' is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference
with ``dbm'' databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf
can be essentially arbitrary Python objects --- anything that the
\refmodule{pickle} module can handle. This includes most class
instances, recursive data types, and objects containing lots of shared
sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.
\refstmodindex{pickle}
\begin{funcdesc}{open}{filename\optional{,flag='c'\optional{,protocol=\code{None}\optional{,writeback=\code{False}}}}}
Open a persistent dictionary. The filename specified is the base filename
for the underlying database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added to
the filename and more than one file may be created. By default, the
underlying database file is opened for reading and writing. The optional
{}\var{flag} parameter has the same interpretation as the \var{flag}
parameter of \function{anydbm.open}.
By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values.
The version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the
\var{protocol} parameter. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}
parameter was added]{2.3}
By default, mutations to persistent-dictionary mutable entries are not
automatically written back. If the optional \var{writeback} parameter
is set to {}\var{True}, all entries accessed are cached in memory, and
written back at close time; this can make it handier to mutate mutable
entries in the persistent dictionary, but, if many entries are
accessed, it can consume vast amounts of memory for the cache, and it
can make the close operation very slow since all accessed entries are
written back (there is no way to determine which accessed entries are
mutable, nor which ones were actually mutated).
\end{funcdesc}
Shelve objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This eases
the transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistent
storage.
One additional method is supported:
\begin{methoddesc}[Shelf]{sync}{}
Write back all entries in the cache if the shelf was opened with
\var{writeback} set to \var{True}. Also empty the cache and synchronize
the persistent dictionary on disk, if feasible. This is called automatically
when the shelf is closed with \method{close()}.
\end{methoddesc}
\subsection{Restrictions}
\begin{itemize}
\item
The choice of which database package will be used
(such as \refmodule{dbm}, \refmodule{gdbm} or \refmodule{bsddb}) depends on
which interface is available. Therefore it is not safe to open the database
directly using \refmodule{dbm}. The database is also (unfortunately) subject
to the limitations of \refmodule{dbm}, if it is used --- this means
that (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in the
database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may
cause the database to refuse updates.
\refbimodindex{dbm}
\refbimodindex{gdbm}
\refbimodindex{bsddb}
\item
Depending on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may
or may not be necessary to flush changes to disk. The \method{__del__}
method of the \class{Shelf} class calls the \method{close} method, so the
programmer generally need not do this explicitly.
\item
The \module{shelve} module does not support \emph{concurrent} read/write
access to shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses are
safe.) When a program has a shelf open for writing, no other program
should have it open for reading or writing. \UNIX{} file locking can
be used to solve this, but this differs across \UNIX{} versions and
requires knowledge about the database implementation used.
\end{itemize}
\begin{classdesc}{Shelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}
A subclass of \class{UserDict.DictMixin} which stores pickled values in the
\var{dict} object.
By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The
version of the pickle protocol can be specified with the
\var{protocol} parameter. See the \module{pickle} documentation for a
discussion of the pickle protocols. \versionchanged[The \var{protocol}
parameter was added]{2.3}
If the \var{writeback} parameter is \code{True}, the object will hold a
cache of all entries accessed and write them back to the \var{dict} at
sync and close times. This allows natural operations on mutable entries,
but can consume much more memory and make sync and close take a long time.
\end{classdesc}
\begin{classdesc}{BsdDbShelf}{dict\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}
A subclass of \class{Shelf} which exposes \method{first},
\method{next}, \method{previous}, \method{last} and
\method{set_location} which are available in the \module{bsddb} module
but not in other database modules. The \var{dict} object passed to
the constructor must support those methods. This is generally
accomplished by calling one of \function{bsddb.hashopen},
\function{bsddb.btopen} or \function{bsddb.rnopen}. The optional
\var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parameters have the
same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class.
\end{classdesc}
\begin{classdesc}{DbfilenameShelf}{filename\optional{, flag='c'\optional{, protocol=None\optional{, writeback=False}}}}
A subclass of \class{Shelf} which accepts a \var{filename} instead of
a dict-like object. The underlying file will be opened using
{}\function{anydbm.open}. By default, the file will be created and
opened for both read and write. The optional \var{flag} parameter has
the same interpretation as for the \function{open} function. The
optional \var{protocol} and \var{writeback} parameters
have the same interpretation as for the \class{Shelf} class.
\end{classdesc}
\subsection{Example}
To summarize the interface (\code{key} is a string, \code{data} is an
arbitrary object):
\begin{verbatim}
import shelve
d = shelve.open(filename) # open -- file may get suffix added by low-level
# library
d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if
# using an existing key)
data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of data at key (raise KeyError if no
# such key)
del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError
# if no such key)
flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists
klist = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)
# as d was opened WITHOUT writeback=True, beware:
d['xx'] = range(4) # this works as expected, but...
d['xx'].append(5) # *this doesn't!* -- d['xx'] is STILL range(4)!!!
# having opened d without writeback=True, you need to code carefully:
temp = d['xx'] # extracts the copy
temp.append(5) # mutates the copy
d['xx'] = temp # stores the copy right back, to persist it
# or, d=shelve.open(filename,writeback=True) would let you just code
# d['xx'].append(5) and have it work as expected, BUT it would also
# consume more memory and make the d.close() operation slower.
d.close() # close it
\end{verbatim}
\begin{seealso}
\seemodule{anydbm}{Generic interface to \code{dbm}-style databases.}
\seemodule{bsddb}{BSD \code{db} database interface.}
\seemodule{dbhash}{Thin layer around the \module{bsddb} which provides an
\function{open} function like the other database modules.}
\seemodule{dbm}{Standard \UNIX{} database interface.}
\seemodule{dumbdbm}{Portable implementation of the \code{dbm} interface.}
\seemodule{gdbm}{GNU database interface, based on the \code{dbm} interface.}
\seemodule{pickle}{Object serialization used by \module{shelve}.}
\seemodule{cPickle}{High-performance version of \refmodule{pickle}.}
\end{seealso}