\section{\module{webbrowser} --- Convenient Web-browser controller} \declaremodule{standard}{webbrowser}\modulesynopsis{Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers.}\moduleauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org}\sectionauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org} The \module{webbrowser} module provides a high-level interface toallow displaying Web-based documents to users. Under mostcircumstances, simply calling the \function{open()} function from thismodule will do the right thing. Under \UNIX{}, graphical browsers are preferred under X11, but text-modebrowsers will be used if graphical browsers are not available or an X11display isn't available. If text-mode browsers are used, the callingprocess will block until the user exits the browser. If the environment variable \envvar{BROWSER} exists, itis interpreted to override the platform default list of browsers, as aos.pathsep-separated list of browsers to try in order. When the value ofa list part contains the string \code{\%s}, then it is interpreted as a literal browser command line to be used with the argument URLsubstituted for \code{\%s}; if the part does not contain\code{\%s}, it is simply interpreted as the name of the browser tolaunch. For non-\UNIX{} platforms, or when a remote browser is available on\UNIX{}, the controlling process will not wait for the user to finishwith the browser, but allow the remote browser to maintain its ownwindows on the display. If remote browsers are not available on \UNIX{},the controlling process will launch a new browser and wait. The script \program{webbrowser} can be used as a command-line interfacefor the module. It accepts an URL as the argument. It accepts the followingoptional parameters: \programopt{-n} opens the URL in a new browser window,if possible; \programopt{-t} opens the URL in a new browser page ("tab"). Theoptions are, naturally, mutually exclusive. The following exception is defined: \begin{excdesc}{Error} Exception raised when a browser control error occurs.\end{excdesc} The following functions are defined: \begin{funcdesc}{open}{url\optional{, new=0\optional{, autoraise=1}}} Display \var{url} using the default browser. If \var{new} is 0, the \var{url} is opened in the same browser window. If \var{new} is 1, a new browser window is opened if possible. If \var{new} is 2, a new browser page ("tab") is opened if possible. If \var{autoraise} is true, the window is raised if possible (note that under many window managers this will occur regardless of the setting of this variable).\versionchanged[\var{new} can now be 2]{2.5}\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{open_new}{url} Open \var{url} in a new window of the default browser, if possible, otherwise, open \var{url} in the only browser window.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{open_new_tab}{url} Open \var{url} in a new page ("tab") of the default browser, if possible, otherwise equivalent to \function{open_new}.\versionadded{2.5}\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{get}{\optional{name}} Return a controller object for the browser type \var{name}. If \var{name} is empty, return a controller for a default browser appropriate to the caller's environment.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{register}{name, constructor\optional{, instance}} Register the browser type \var{name}. Once a browser type is registered, the \function{get()} function can return a controller for that browser type. If \var{instance} is not provided, or is \code{None}, \var{constructor} will be called without parameters to create an instance when needed. If \var{instance} is provided, \var{constructor} will never be called, and may be \code{None}. This entry point is only useful if you plan to either set the \envvar{BROWSER} variable or call \function{get} with a nonempty argument matching the name of a handler you declare.\end{funcdesc} A number of browser types are predefined. This table gives the typenames that may be passed to the \function{get()} function and thecorresponding instantiations for the controller classes, all definedin this module. \begin{tableiii}{l|l|c}{code}{Type Name}{Class Name}{Notes} \lineiii{'mozilla'}{\class{Mozilla('mozilla')}}{} \lineiii{'firefox'}{\class{Mozilla('mozilla')}}{} \lineiii{'netscape'}{\class{Mozilla('netscape')}}{} \lineiii{'galeon'}{\class{Galeon('galeon')}}{} \lineiii{'epiphany'}{\class{Galeon('epiphany')}}{} \lineiii{'skipstone'}{\class{BackgroundBrowser('skipstone')}}{} \lineiii{'kfmclient'}{\class{Konqueror()}}{(1)} \lineiii{'konqueror'}{\class{Konqueror()}}{(1)} \lineiii{'kfm'}{\class{Konqueror()}}{(1)} \lineiii{'mosaic'}{\class{BackgroundBrowser('mosaic')}}{} \lineiii{'opera'}{\class{Opera()}}{} \lineiii{'grail'}{\class{Grail()}}{} \lineiii{'links'}{\class{GenericBrowser('links')}}{} \lineiii{'elinks'}{\class{Elinks('elinks')}}{} \lineiii{'lynx'}{\class{GenericBrowser('lynx')}}{} \lineiii{'w3m'}{\class{GenericBrowser('w3m')}}{} \lineiii{'windows-default'}{\class{WindowsDefault}}{(2)} \lineiii{'internet-config'}{\class{InternetConfig}}{(3)} \lineiii{'macosx'}{\class{MacOSX('default')}}{(4)}\end{tableiii} \noindentNotes: \begin{description}\item[(1)]``Konqueror'' is the file manager for the KDE desktop environment for\UNIX{}, and only makes sense to use if KDE is running. Some way ofreliably detecting KDE would be nice; the \envvar{KDEDIR} variable isnot sufficient. Note also that the name ``kfm'' is used even whenusing the \program{konqueror} command with KDE 2 --- theimplementation selects the best strategy for running Konqueror. \item[(2)]Only on Windows platforms. \item[(3)]Only on MacOS platforms; requires the standard MacPython \module{ic}module, described in the \citetitle[../mac/module-ic.html]{MacintoshLibrary Modules} manual. \item[(4)]Only on MacOS X platform.\end{description} Here are some simple examples: \begin{verbatim}url = 'http://www.python.org' # Open URL in a new tab, if a browser window is already open. webbrowser.open_new_tab(url + '/doc') # Open URL in new window, raising the window if possible.webbrowser.open_new(url)\end{verbatim} \subsection{Browser Controller Objects \label{browser-controllers}} Browser controllers provide two methods which parallel two of themodule-level convenience functions: \begin{funcdesc}{open}{url\optional{, new\optional{, autoraise=1}}} Display \var{url} using the browser handled by this controller. If \var{new} is 1, a new browser window is opened if possible. If \var{new} is 2, a new browser page ("tab") is opened if possible.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{open_new}{url} Open \var{url} in a new window of the browser handled by this controller, if possible, otherwise, open \var{url} in the only browser window. Alias \function{open_new}.\end{funcdesc} \begin{funcdesc}{open_new_tab}{url} Open \var{url} in a new page ("tab") of the browser handled by this controller, if possible, otherwise equivalent to \function{open_new}.\versionadded{2.5}\end{funcdesc}
\section{\module{webbrowser} ---
Convenient Web-browser controller}
\declaremodule{standard}{webbrowser}
\modulesynopsis{Easy-to-use controller for Web browsers.}
\moduleauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org}
\sectionauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org}
The \module{webbrowser} module provides a high-level interface to
allow displaying Web-based documents to users. Under most
circumstances, simply calling the \function{open()} function from this
module will do the right thing.
Under \UNIX{}, graphical browsers are preferred under X11, but text-mode
browsers will be used if graphical browsers are not available or an X11
display isn't available. If text-mode browsers are used, the calling
process will block until the user exits the browser.
If the environment variable \envvar{BROWSER} exists, it
is interpreted to override the platform default list of browsers, as a
os.pathsep-separated list of browsers to try in order. When the value of
a list part contains the string \code{\%s}, then it is
interpreted as a literal browser command line to be used with the argument URL
substituted for \code{\%s}; if the part does not contain
\code{\%s}, it is simply interpreted as the name of the browser to
launch.
For non-\UNIX{} platforms, or when a remote browser is available on
\UNIX{}, the controlling process will not wait for the user to finish
with the browser, but allow the remote browser to maintain its own
windows on the display. If remote browsers are not available on \UNIX{},
the controlling process will launch a new browser and wait.
The script \program{webbrowser} can be used as a command-line interface
for the module. It accepts an URL as the argument. It accepts the following
optional parameters: \programopt{-n} opens the URL in a new browser window,
if possible; \programopt{-t} opens the URL in a new browser page ("tab"). The
options are, naturally, mutually exclusive.
The following exception is defined:
\begin{excdesc}{Error}
Exception raised when a browser control error occurs.
\end{excdesc}
The following functions are defined:
\begin{funcdesc}{open}{url\optional{, new=0\optional{, autoraise=1}}}
Display \var{url} using the default browser. If \var{new} is 0, the
\var{url} is opened in the same browser window. If \var{new} is 1,
a new browser window is opened if possible. If \var{new} is 2,
a new browser page ("tab") is opened if possible. If \var{autoraise} is
true, the window is raised if possible (note that under many window
managers this will occur regardless of the setting of this variable).
\versionchanged[\var{new} can now be 2]{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{open_new}{url}
Open \var{url} in a new window of the default browser, if possible,
otherwise, open \var{url} in the only browser window.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{open_new_tab}{url}
Open \var{url} in a new page ("tab") of the default browser, if possible,
otherwise equivalent to \function{open_new}.
\versionadded{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{get}{\optional{name}}
Return a controller object for the browser type \var{name}. If
\var{name} is empty, return a controller for a default browser
appropriate to the caller's environment.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{register}{name, constructor\optional{, instance}}
Register the browser type \var{name}. Once a browser type is
registered, the \function{get()} function can return a controller
for that browser type. If \var{instance} is not provided, or is
\code{None}, \var{constructor} will be called without parameters to
create an instance when needed. If \var{instance} is provided,
\var{constructor} will never be called, and may be \code{None}.
This entry point is only useful if you plan to either set the
\envvar{BROWSER} variable or call \function{get} with a nonempty
argument matching the name of a handler you declare.
\end{funcdesc}
A number of browser types are predefined. This table gives the type
names that may be passed to the \function{get()} function and the
corresponding instantiations for the controller classes, all defined
in this module.
\begin{tableiii}{l|l|c}{code}{Type Name}{Class Name}{Notes}
\lineiii{'mozilla'}{\class{Mozilla('mozilla')}}{}
\lineiii{'firefox'}{\class{Mozilla('mozilla')}}{}
\lineiii{'netscape'}{\class{Mozilla('netscape')}}{}
\lineiii{'galeon'}{\class{Galeon('galeon')}}{}
\lineiii{'epiphany'}{\class{Galeon('epiphany')}}{}
\lineiii{'skipstone'}{\class{BackgroundBrowser('skipstone')}}{}
\lineiii{'kfmclient'}{\class{Konqueror()}}{(1)}
\lineiii{'konqueror'}{\class{Konqueror()}}{(1)}
\lineiii{'kfm'}{\class{Konqueror()}}{(1)}
\lineiii{'mosaic'}{\class{BackgroundBrowser('mosaic')}}{}
\lineiii{'opera'}{\class{Opera()}}{}
\lineiii{'grail'}{\class{Grail()}}{}
\lineiii{'links'}{\class{GenericBrowser('links')}}{}
\lineiii{'elinks'}{\class{Elinks('elinks')}}{}
\lineiii{'lynx'}{\class{GenericBrowser('lynx')}}{}
\lineiii{'w3m'}{\class{GenericBrowser('w3m')}}{}
\lineiii{'windows-default'}{\class{WindowsDefault}}{(2)}
\lineiii{'internet-config'}{\class{InternetConfig}}{(3)}
\lineiii{'macosx'}{\class{MacOSX('default')}}{(4)}
\end{tableiii}
\noindent
Notes:
\begin{description}
\item[(1)]
``Konqueror'' is the file manager for the KDE desktop environment for
\UNIX{}, and only makes sense to use if KDE is running. Some way of
reliably detecting KDE would be nice; the \envvar{KDEDIR} variable is
not sufficient. Note also that the name ``kfm'' is used even when
using the \program{konqueror} command with KDE 2 --- the
implementation selects the best strategy for running Konqueror.
\item[(2)]
Only on Windows platforms.
\item[(3)]
Only on MacOS platforms; requires the standard MacPython \module{ic}
module, described in the \citetitle[../mac/module-ic.html]{Macintosh
Library Modules} manual.
\item[(4)]
Only on MacOS X platform.
\end{description}
Here are some simple examples:
\begin{verbatim}
url = 'http://www.python.org'
# Open URL in a new tab, if a browser window is already open.
webbrowser.open_new_tab(url + '/doc')
# Open URL in new window, raising the window if possible.
webbrowser.open_new(url)
\end{verbatim}
\subsection{Browser Controller Objects \label{browser-controllers}}
Browser controllers provide two methods which parallel two of the
module-level convenience functions:
\begin{funcdesc}{open}{url\optional{, new\optional{, autoraise=1}}}
Display \var{url} using the browser handled by this controller.
If \var{new} is 1, a new browser window is opened if possible.
If \var{new} is 2, a new browser page ("tab") is opened if possible.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{open_new}{url}
Open \var{url} in a new window of the browser handled by this
controller, if possible, otherwise, open \var{url} in the only
browser window. Alias \function{open_new}.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{open_new_tab}{url}
Open \var{url} in a new page ("tab") of the browser handled by this
controller, if possible, otherwise equivalent to \function{open_new}.
\versionadded{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}