/* * uprobes-based tracing events * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as * published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA * * Copyright (C) IBM Corporation, 2010-2012 * Author: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> */ #include <linux/module.h>#include <linux/uaccess.h>#include <linux/uprobes.h>#include <linux/namei.h>#include <linux/string.h> #include "trace_probe.h" #define UPROBE_EVENT_SYSTEM "uprobes" struct uprobe_trace_entry_head { struct trace_entry ent; unsigned long vaddr[];}; #define SIZEOF_TRACE_ENTRY(is_return) \ (sizeof(struct uprobe_trace_entry_head) + \ sizeof(unsigned long) * (is_return ? 2 : 1)) #define DATAOF_TRACE_ENTRY(entry, is_return) \ ((void*)(entry) + SIZEOF_TRACE_ENTRY(is_return)) struct trace_uprobe_filter { rwlock_t rwlock; int nr_systemwide; struct list_head perf_events;}; /* * uprobe event core functions */struct trace_uprobe { struct list_head list; struct ftrace_event_class class; struct ftrace_event_call call; struct trace_uprobe_filter filter; struct uprobe_consumer consumer; struct inode *inode; char *filename; unsigned long offset; unsigned long nhit; unsigned int flags; /* For TP_FLAG_* */ ssize_t size; /* trace entry size */ unsigned int nr_args; struct probe_arg args[];}; #define SIZEOF_TRACE_UPROBE(n) \ (offsetof(struct trace_uprobe, args) + \ (sizeof(struct probe_arg) * (n))) static int register_uprobe_event(struct trace_uprobe *tu);static int unregister_uprobe_event(struct trace_uprobe *tu); static DEFINE_MUTEX(uprobe_lock);static LIST_HEAD(uprobe_list); static int uprobe_dispatcher(struct uprobe_consumer *con, struct pt_regs *regs);static int uretprobe_dispatcher(struct uprobe_consumer *con, unsigned long func, struct pt_regs *regs); static inline void init_trace_uprobe_filter(struct trace_uprobe_filter *filter){ rwlock_init(&filter->rwlock); filter->nr_systemwide = 0; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&filter->perf_events);} static inline bool uprobe_filter_is_empty(struct trace_uprobe_filter *filter){ return !filter->nr_systemwide && list_empty(&filter->perf_events);} static inline bool is_ret_probe(struct trace_uprobe *tu){ return tu->consumer.ret_handler != NULL;} /* * Allocate new trace_uprobe and initialize it (including uprobes). */static struct trace_uprobe *alloc_trace_uprobe(const char *group, const char *event, int nargs, bool is_ret){ struct trace_uprobe *tu; if (!event || !is_good_name(event)) return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL); if (!group || !is_good_name(group)) return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL); tu = kzalloc(SIZEOF_TRACE_UPROBE(nargs), GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu) return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); tu->call.class = &tu->class; tu->call.name = kstrdup(event, GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu->call.name) goto error; tu->class.system = kstrdup(group, GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu->class.system) goto error; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tu->list); tu->consumer.handler = uprobe_dispatcher; if (is_ret) tu->consumer.ret_handler = uretprobe_dispatcher; init_trace_uprobe_filter(&tu->filter); tu->call.flags |= TRACE_EVENT_FL_USE_CALL_FILTER; return tu; error: kfree(tu->call.name); kfree(tu); return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);} static void free_trace_uprobe(struct trace_uprobe *tu){ int i; for (i = 0; i < tu->nr_args; i++) traceprobe_free_probe_arg(&tu->args[i]); iput(tu->inode); kfree(tu->call.class->system); kfree(tu->call.name); kfree(tu->filename); kfree(tu);} static struct trace_uprobe *find_probe_event(const char *event, const char *group){ struct trace_uprobe *tu; list_for_each_entry(tu, &uprobe_list, list) if (strcmp(tu->call.name, event) == 0 && strcmp(tu->call.class->system, group) == 0) return tu; return NULL;} /* Unregister a trace_uprobe and probe_event: call with locking uprobe_lock */static int unregister_trace_uprobe(struct trace_uprobe *tu){ int ret; ret = unregister_uprobe_event(tu); if (ret) return ret; list_del(&tu->list); free_trace_uprobe(tu); return 0;} /* Register a trace_uprobe and probe_event */static int register_trace_uprobe(struct trace_uprobe *tu){ struct trace_uprobe *old_tp; int ret; mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); /* register as an event */ old_tp = find_probe_event(tu->call.name, tu->call.class->system); if (old_tp) { /* delete old event */ ret = unregister_trace_uprobe(old_tp); if (ret) goto end; } ret = register_uprobe_event(tu); if (ret) { pr_warning("Failed to register probe event(%d)\n", ret); goto end; } list_add_tail(&tu->list, &uprobe_list); end: mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); return ret;} /* * Argument syntax: * - Add uprobe: p|r[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:SYMBOL [FETCHARGS] * * - Remove uprobe: -:[GRP/]EVENT */static int create_trace_uprobe(int argc, char **argv){ struct trace_uprobe *tu; struct inode *inode; char *arg, *event, *group, *filename; char buf[MAX_EVENT_NAME_LEN]; struct path path; unsigned long offset; bool is_delete, is_return; int i, ret; inode = NULL; ret = 0; is_delete = false; is_return = false; event = NULL; group = NULL; /* argc must be >= 1 */ if (argv[0][0] == '-') is_delete = true; else if (argv[0][0] == 'r') is_return = true; else if (argv[0][0] != 'p') { pr_info("Probe definition must be started with 'p', 'r' or '-'.\n"); return -EINVAL; } if (argv[0][1] == ':') { event = &argv[0][2]; arg = strchr(event, '/'); if (arg) { group = event; event = arg + 1; event[-1] = '\0'; if (strlen(group) == 0) { pr_info("Group name is not specified\n"); return -EINVAL; } } if (strlen(event) == 0) { pr_info("Event name is not specified\n"); return -EINVAL; } } if (!group) group = UPROBE_EVENT_SYSTEM; if (is_delete) { int ret; if (!event) { pr_info("Delete command needs an event name.\n"); return -EINVAL; } mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); tu = find_probe_event(event, group); if (!tu) { mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); pr_info("Event %s/%s doesn't exist.\n", group, event); return -ENOENT; } /* delete an event */ ret = unregister_trace_uprobe(tu); mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); return ret; } if (argc < 2) { pr_info("Probe point is not specified.\n"); return -EINVAL; } if (isdigit(argv[1][0])) { pr_info("probe point must be have a filename.\n"); return -EINVAL; } arg = strchr(argv[1], ':'); if (!arg) { ret = -EINVAL; goto fail_address_parse; } *arg++ = '\0'; filename = argv[1]; ret = kern_path(filename, LOOKUP_FOLLOW, &path); if (ret) goto fail_address_parse; inode = igrab(path.dentry->d_inode); path_put(&path); if (!inode || !S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) { ret = -EINVAL; goto fail_address_parse; } ret = kstrtoul(arg, 0, &offset); if (ret) goto fail_address_parse; argc -= 2; argv += 2; /* setup a probe */ if (!event) { char *tail; char *ptr; tail = kstrdup(kbasename(filename), GFP_KERNEL); if (!tail) { ret = -ENOMEM; goto fail_address_parse; } ptr = strpbrk(tail, ".-_"); if (ptr) *ptr = '\0'; snprintf(buf, MAX_EVENT_NAME_LEN, "%c_%s_0x%lx", 'p', tail, offset); event = buf; kfree(tail); } tu = alloc_trace_uprobe(group, event, argc, is_return); if (IS_ERR(tu)) { pr_info("Failed to allocate trace_uprobe.(%d)\n", (int)PTR_ERR(tu)); ret = PTR_ERR(tu); goto fail_address_parse; } tu->offset = offset; tu->inode = inode; tu->filename = kstrdup(filename, GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu->filename) { pr_info("Failed to allocate filename.\n"); ret = -ENOMEM; goto error; } /* parse arguments */ ret = 0; for (i = 0; i < argc && i < MAX_TRACE_ARGS; i++) { /* Increment count for freeing args in error case */ tu->nr_args++; /* Parse argument name */ arg = strchr(argv[i], '='); if (arg) { *arg++ = '\0'; tu->args[i].name = kstrdup(argv[i], GFP_KERNEL); } else { arg = argv[i]; /* If argument name is omitted, set "argN" */ snprintf(buf, MAX_EVENT_NAME_LEN, "arg%d", i + 1); tu->args[i].name = kstrdup(buf, GFP_KERNEL); } if (!tu->args[i].name) { pr_info("Failed to allocate argument[%d] name.\n", i); ret = -ENOMEM; goto error; } if (!is_good_name(tu->args[i].name)) { pr_info("Invalid argument[%d] name: %s\n", i, tu->args[i].name); ret = -EINVAL; goto error; } if (traceprobe_conflict_field_name(tu->args[i].name, tu->args, i)) { pr_info("Argument[%d] name '%s' conflicts with " "another field.\n", i, argv[i]); ret = -EINVAL; goto error; } /* Parse fetch argument */ ret = traceprobe_parse_probe_arg(arg, &tu->size, &tu->args[i], false, false); if (ret) { pr_info("Parse error at argument[%d]. (%d)\n", i, ret); goto error; } } ret = register_trace_uprobe(tu); if (ret) goto error; return 0; error: free_trace_uprobe(tu); return ret; fail_address_parse: if (inode) iput(inode); pr_info("Failed to parse address or file.\n"); return ret;} static int cleanup_all_probes(void){ struct trace_uprobe *tu; int ret = 0; mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); while (!list_empty(&uprobe_list)) { tu = list_entry(uprobe_list.next, struct trace_uprobe, list); ret = unregister_trace_uprobe(tu); if (ret) break; } mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); return ret;} /* Probes listing interfaces */static void *probes_seq_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos){ mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); return seq_list_start(&uprobe_list, *pos);} static void *probes_seq_next(struct seq_file *m, void *v, loff_t *pos){ return seq_list_next(v, &uprobe_list, pos);} static void probes_seq_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v){ mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock);} static int probes_seq_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v){ struct trace_uprobe *tu = v; char c = is_ret_probe(tu) ? 'r' : 'p'; int i; seq_printf(m, "%c:%s/%s", c, tu->call.class->system, tu->call.name); seq_printf(m, " %s:0x%p", tu->filename, (void *)tu->offset); for (i = 0; i < tu->nr_args; i++) seq_printf(m, " %s=%s", tu->args[i].name, tu->args[i].comm); seq_printf(m, "\n"); return 0;} static const struct seq_operations probes_seq_op = { .start = probes_seq_start, .next = probes_seq_next, .stop = probes_seq_stop, .show = probes_seq_show}; static int probes_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file){ int ret; if ((file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) && (file->f_flags & O_TRUNC)) { ret = cleanup_all_probes(); if (ret) return ret; } return seq_open(file, &probes_seq_op);} static ssize_t probes_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos){ return traceprobe_probes_write(file, buffer, count, ppos, create_trace_uprobe);} static const struct file_operations uprobe_events_ops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .open = probes_open,Lines 1–500 of 1022. Load more
/* * uprobes-based tracing events * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as * published by the Free Software Foundation. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the * GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA * * Copyright (C) IBM Corporation, 2010-2012 * Author: Srikar Dronamraju <srikar@linux.vnet.ibm.com> */ #include <linux/module.h> #include <linux/uaccess.h> #include <linux/uprobes.h> #include <linux/namei.h> #include <linux/string.h> #include "trace_probe.h" #define UPROBE_EVENT_SYSTEM "uprobes" struct uprobe_trace_entry_head { struct trace_entry ent; unsigned long vaddr[]; }; #define SIZEOF_TRACE_ENTRY(is_return) \ (sizeof(struct uprobe_trace_entry_head) + \ sizeof(unsigned long) * (is_return ? 2 : 1)) #define DATAOF_TRACE_ENTRY(entry, is_return) \ ((void*)(entry) + SIZEOF_TRACE_ENTRY(is_return)) struct trace_uprobe_filter { rwlock_t rwlock; int nr_systemwide; struct list_head perf_events; }; /* * uprobe event core functions */ struct trace_uprobe { struct list_head list; struct ftrace_event_class class; struct ftrace_event_call call; struct trace_uprobe_filter filter; struct uprobe_consumer consumer; struct inode *inode; char *filename; unsigned long offset; unsigned long nhit; unsigned int flags; /* For TP_FLAG_* */ ssize_t size; /* trace entry size */ unsigned int nr_args; struct probe_arg args[]; }; #define SIZEOF_TRACE_UPROBE(n) \ (offsetof(struct trace_uprobe, args) + \ (sizeof(struct probe_arg) * (n))) static int register_uprobe_event(struct trace_uprobe *tu); static int unregister_uprobe_event(struct trace_uprobe *tu); static DEFINE_MUTEX(uprobe_lock); static LIST_HEAD(uprobe_list); static int uprobe_dispatcher(struct uprobe_consumer *con, struct pt_regs *regs); static int uretprobe_dispatcher(struct uprobe_consumer *con, unsigned long func, struct pt_regs *regs); static inline void init_trace_uprobe_filter(struct trace_uprobe_filter *filter) { rwlock_init(&filter->rwlock); filter->nr_systemwide = 0; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&filter->perf_events); } static inline bool uprobe_filter_is_empty(struct trace_uprobe_filter *filter) { return !filter->nr_systemwide && list_empty(&filter->perf_events); } static inline bool is_ret_probe(struct trace_uprobe *tu) { return tu->consumer.ret_handler != NULL; } /* * Allocate new trace_uprobe and initialize it (including uprobes). */ static struct trace_uprobe * alloc_trace_uprobe(const char *group, const char *event, int nargs, bool is_ret) { struct trace_uprobe *tu; if (!event || !is_good_name(event)) return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL); if (!group || !is_good_name(group)) return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL); tu = kzalloc(SIZEOF_TRACE_UPROBE(nargs), GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu) return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); tu->call.class = &tu->class; tu->call.name = kstrdup(event, GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu->call.name) goto error; tu->class.system = kstrdup(group, GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu->class.system) goto error; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&tu->list); tu->consumer.handler = uprobe_dispatcher; if (is_ret) tu->consumer.ret_handler = uretprobe_dispatcher; init_trace_uprobe_filter(&tu->filter); tu->call.flags |= TRACE_EVENT_FL_USE_CALL_FILTER; return tu; error: kfree(tu->call.name); kfree(tu); return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM); } static void free_trace_uprobe(struct trace_uprobe *tu) { int i; for (i = 0; i < tu->nr_args; i++) traceprobe_free_probe_arg(&tu->args[i]); iput(tu->inode); kfree(tu->call.class->system); kfree(tu->call.name); kfree(tu->filename); kfree(tu); } static struct trace_uprobe *find_probe_event(const char *event, const char *group) { struct trace_uprobe *tu; list_for_each_entry(tu, &uprobe_list, list) if (strcmp(tu->call.name, event) == 0 && strcmp(tu->call.class->system, group) == 0) return tu; return NULL; } /* Unregister a trace_uprobe and probe_event: call with locking uprobe_lock */ static int unregister_trace_uprobe(struct trace_uprobe *tu) { int ret; ret = unregister_uprobe_event(tu); if (ret) return ret; list_del(&tu->list); free_trace_uprobe(tu); return 0; } /* Register a trace_uprobe and probe_event */ static int register_trace_uprobe(struct trace_uprobe *tu) { struct trace_uprobe *old_tp; int ret; mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); /* register as an event */ old_tp = find_probe_event(tu->call.name, tu->call.class->system); if (old_tp) { /* delete old event */ ret = unregister_trace_uprobe(old_tp); if (ret) goto end; } ret = register_uprobe_event(tu); if (ret) { pr_warning("Failed to register probe event(%d)\n", ret); goto end; } list_add_tail(&tu->list, &uprobe_list); end: mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); return ret; } /* * Argument syntax: * - Add uprobe: p|r[:[GRP/]EVENT] PATH:SYMBOL [FETCHARGS] * * - Remove uprobe: -:[GRP/]EVENT */ static int create_trace_uprobe(int argc, char **argv) { struct trace_uprobe *tu; struct inode *inode; char *arg, *event, *group, *filename; char buf[MAX_EVENT_NAME_LEN]; struct path path; unsigned long offset; bool is_delete, is_return; int i, ret; inode = NULL; ret = 0; is_delete = false; is_return = false; event = NULL; group = NULL; /* argc must be >= 1 */ if (argv[0][0] == '-') is_delete = true; else if (argv[0][0] == 'r') is_return = true; else if (argv[0][0] != 'p') { pr_info("Probe definition must be started with 'p', 'r' or '-'.\n"); return -EINVAL; } if (argv[0][1] == ':') { event = &argv[0][2]; arg = strchr(event, '/'); if (arg) { group = event; event = arg + 1; event[-1] = '\0'; if (strlen(group) == 0) { pr_info("Group name is not specified\n"); return -EINVAL; } } if (strlen(event) == 0) { pr_info("Event name is not specified\n"); return -EINVAL; } } if (!group) group = UPROBE_EVENT_SYSTEM; if (is_delete) { int ret; if (!event) { pr_info("Delete command needs an event name.\n"); return -EINVAL; } mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); tu = find_probe_event(event, group); if (!tu) { mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); pr_info("Event %s/%s doesn't exist.\n", group, event); return -ENOENT; } /* delete an event */ ret = unregister_trace_uprobe(tu); mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); return ret; } if (argc < 2) { pr_info("Probe point is not specified.\n"); return -EINVAL; } if (isdigit(argv[1][0])) { pr_info("probe point must be have a filename.\n"); return -EINVAL; } arg = strchr(argv[1], ':'); if (!arg) { ret = -EINVAL; goto fail_address_parse; } *arg++ = '\0'; filename = argv[1]; ret = kern_path(filename, LOOKUP_FOLLOW, &path); if (ret) goto fail_address_parse; inode = igrab(path.dentry->d_inode); path_put(&path); if (!inode || !S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) { ret = -EINVAL; goto fail_address_parse; } ret = kstrtoul(arg, 0, &offset); if (ret) goto fail_address_parse; argc -= 2; argv += 2; /* setup a probe */ if (!event) { char *tail; char *ptr; tail = kstrdup(kbasename(filename), GFP_KERNEL); if (!tail) { ret = -ENOMEM; goto fail_address_parse; } ptr = strpbrk(tail, ".-_"); if (ptr) *ptr = '\0'; snprintf(buf, MAX_EVENT_NAME_LEN, "%c_%s_0x%lx", 'p', tail, offset); event = buf; kfree(tail); } tu = alloc_trace_uprobe(group, event, argc, is_return); if (IS_ERR(tu)) { pr_info("Failed to allocate trace_uprobe.(%d)\n", (int)PTR_ERR(tu)); ret = PTR_ERR(tu); goto fail_address_parse; } tu->offset = offset; tu->inode = inode; tu->filename = kstrdup(filename, GFP_KERNEL); if (!tu->filename) { pr_info("Failed to allocate filename.\n"); ret = -ENOMEM; goto error; } /* parse arguments */ ret = 0; for (i = 0; i < argc && i < MAX_TRACE_ARGS; i++) { /* Increment count for freeing args in error case */ tu->nr_args++; /* Parse argument name */ arg = strchr(argv[i], '='); if (arg) { *arg++ = '\0'; tu->args[i].name = kstrdup(argv[i], GFP_KERNEL); } else { arg = argv[i]; /* If argument name is omitted, set "argN" */ snprintf(buf, MAX_EVENT_NAME_LEN, "arg%d", i + 1); tu->args[i].name = kstrdup(buf, GFP_KERNEL); } if (!tu->args[i].name) { pr_info("Failed to allocate argument[%d] name.\n", i); ret = -ENOMEM; goto error; } if (!is_good_name(tu->args[i].name)) { pr_info("Invalid argument[%d] name: %s\n", i, tu->args[i].name); ret = -EINVAL; goto error; } if (traceprobe_conflict_field_name(tu->args[i].name, tu->args, i)) { pr_info("Argument[%d] name '%s' conflicts with " "another field.\n", i, argv[i]); ret = -EINVAL; goto error; } /* Parse fetch argument */ ret = traceprobe_parse_probe_arg(arg, &tu->size, &tu->args[i], false, false); if (ret) { pr_info("Parse error at argument[%d]. (%d)\n", i, ret); goto error; } } ret = register_trace_uprobe(tu); if (ret) goto error; return 0; error: free_trace_uprobe(tu); return ret; fail_address_parse: if (inode) iput(inode); pr_info("Failed to parse address or file.\n"); return ret; } static int cleanup_all_probes(void) { struct trace_uprobe *tu; int ret = 0; mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); while (!list_empty(&uprobe_list)) { tu = list_entry(uprobe_list.next, struct trace_uprobe, list); ret = unregister_trace_uprobe(tu); if (ret) break; } mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); return ret; } /* Probes listing interfaces */ static void *probes_seq_start(struct seq_file *m, loff_t *pos) { mutex_lock(&uprobe_lock); return seq_list_start(&uprobe_list, *pos); } static void *probes_seq_next(struct seq_file *m, void *v, loff_t *pos) { return seq_list_next(v, &uprobe_list, pos); } static void probes_seq_stop(struct seq_file *m, void *v) { mutex_unlock(&uprobe_lock); } static int probes_seq_show(struct seq_file *m, void *v) { struct trace_uprobe *tu = v; char c = is_ret_probe(tu) ? 'r' : 'p'; int i; seq_printf(m, "%c:%s/%s", c, tu->call.class->system, tu->call.name); seq_printf(m, " %s:0x%p", tu->filename, (void *)tu->offset); for (i = 0; i < tu->nr_args; i++) seq_printf(m, " %s=%s", tu->args[i].name, tu->args[i].comm); seq_printf(m, "\n"); return 0; } static const struct seq_operations probes_seq_op = { .start = probes_seq_start, .next = probes_seq_next, .stop = probes_seq_stop, .show = probes_seq_show }; static int probes_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) { int ret; if ((file->f_mode & FMODE_WRITE) && (file->f_flags & O_TRUNC)) { ret = cleanup_all_probes(); if (ret) return ret; } return seq_open(file, &probes_seq_op); } static ssize_t probes_write(struct file *file, const char __user *buffer, size_t count, loff_t *ppos) { return traceprobe_probes_write(file, buffer, count, ppos, create_trace_uprobe); } static const struct file_operations uprobe_events_ops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .open = probes_open,