r"""OS routines for Mac, NT, or Posix depending on what system we're on. This exports:  - all functions from posix, nt, os2, mac, or ce, e.g. unlink, stat, etc.  - os.path is one of the modules posixpath, ntpath, or macpath  - os.name is 'posix', 'nt', 'os2', 'mac', 'ce' or 'riscos'  - os.curdir is a string representing the current directory ('.' or ':')  - os.pardir is a string representing the parent directory ('..' or '::')  - os.sep is the (or a most common) pathname separator ('/' or ':' or '\\')  - os.extsep is the extension separator ('.' or '/')  - os.altsep is the alternate pathname separator (None or '/')  - os.pathsep is the component separator used in $PATH etc  - os.linesep is the line separator in text files ('\r' or '\n' or '\r\n')  - os.defpath is the default search path for executables  - os.devnull is the file path of the null device ('/dev/null', etc.) Programs that import and use 'os' stand a better chance of beingportable between different platforms.  Of course, they must thenonly use functions that are defined by all platforms (e.g., unlinkand opendir), and leave all pathname manipulation to os.path(e.g., split and join).""" #' import sys _names = sys.builtin_module_names # Note:  more names are added to __all__ later.__all__ = ["altsep", "curdir", "pardir", "sep", "pathsep", "linesep",           "defpath", "name", "path", "devnull",           "SEEK_SET", "SEEK_CUR", "SEEK_END"] def _get_exports_list(module):    try:        return list(module.__all__)    except AttributeError:        return [n for n in dir(module) if n[0] != '_'] if 'posix' in _names:    name = 'posix'    linesep = '\n'    from posix import *    try:        from posix import _exit    except ImportError:        pass    import posixpath as path     import posix    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(posix))    del posix elif 'nt' in _names:    name = 'nt'    linesep = '\r\n'    from nt import *    try:        from nt import _exit    except ImportError:        pass    import ntpath as path     import nt    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(nt))    del nt elif 'os2' in _names:    name = 'os2'    linesep = '\r\n'    from os2 import *    try:        from os2 import _exit    except ImportError:        pass    if sys.version.find('EMX GCC') == -1:        import ntpath as path    else:        import os2emxpath as path        from _emx_link import link     import os2    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(os2))    del os2 elif 'mac' in _names:    name = 'mac'    linesep = '\r'    from mac import *    try:        from mac import _exit    except ImportError:        pass    import macpath as path     import mac    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(mac))    del mac elif 'ce' in _names:    name = 'ce'    linesep = '\r\n'    from ce import *    try:        from ce import _exit    except ImportError:        pass    # We can use the standard Windows path.    import ntpath as path     import ce    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(ce))    del ce elif 'riscos' in _names:    name = 'riscos'    linesep = '\n'    from riscos import *    try:        from riscos import _exit    except ImportError:        pass    import riscospath as path     import riscos    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(riscos))    del riscos else:    raise ImportError, 'no os specific module found' sys.modules['os.path'] = pathfrom os.path import (curdir, pardir, sep, pathsep, defpath, extsep, altsep,    devnull) del _names # Python uses fixed values for the SEEK_ constants; they are mapped# to native constants if necessary in posixmodule.cSEEK_SET = 0SEEK_CUR = 1SEEK_END = 2 #' # Super directory utilities.# (Inspired by Eric Raymond; the doc strings are mostly his) def makedirs(name, mode=0777):    """makedirs(path [, mode=0777])     Super-mkdir; create a leaf directory and all intermediate ones.    Works like mkdir, except that any intermediate path segment (not    just the rightmost) will be created if it does not exist.  This is    recursive.     """    from errno import EEXIST    head, tail = path.split(name)    if not tail:        head, tail = path.split(head)    if head and tail and not path.exists(head):        try:            makedirs(head, mode)        except OSError, e:            # be happy if someone already created the path            if e.errno != EEXIST:                raise        if tail == curdir:           # xxx/newdir/. exists if xxx/newdir exists            return    mkdir(name, mode) def removedirs(name):    """removedirs(path)     Super-rmdir; remove a leaf directory and all empty intermediate    ones.  Works like rmdir except that, if the leaf directory is    successfully removed, directories corresponding to rightmost path    segments will be pruned away until either the whole path is    consumed or an error occurs.  Errors during this latter phase are    ignored -- they generally mean that a directory was not empty.     """    rmdir(name)    head, tail = path.split(name)    if not tail:        head, tail = path.split(head)    while head and tail:        try:            rmdir(head)        except error:            break        head, tail = path.split(head) def renames(old, new):    """renames(old, new)     Super-rename; create directories as necessary and delete any left    empty.  Works like rename, except creation of any intermediate    directories needed to make the new pathname good is attempted    first.  After the rename, directories corresponding to rightmost    path segments of the old name will be pruned way until either the    whole path is consumed or a nonempty directory is found.     Note: this function can fail with the new directory structure made    if you lack permissions needed to unlink the leaf directory or    file.     """    head, tail = path.split(new)    if head and tail and not path.exists(head):        makedirs(head)    rename(old, new)    head, tail = path.split(old)    if head and tail:        try:            removedirs(head)        except error:            pass __all__.extend(["makedirs", "removedirs", "renames"]) def walk(top, topdown=True, onerror=None):    """Directory tree generator.     For each directory in the directory tree rooted at top (including top    itself, but excluding '.' and '..'), yields a 3-tuple         dirpath, dirnames, filenames     dirpath is a string, the path to the directory.  dirnames is a list of    the names of the subdirectories in dirpath (excluding '.' and '..').    filenames is a list of the names of the non-directory files in dirpath.    Note that the names in the lists are just names, with no path components.    To get a full path (which begins with top) to a file or directory in    dirpath, do os.path.join(dirpath, name).     If optional arg 'topdown' is true or not specified, the triple for a    directory is generated before the triples for any of its subdirectories    (directories are generated top down).  If topdown is false, the triple    for a directory is generated after the triples for all of its    subdirectories (directories are generated bottom up).     When topdown is true, the caller can modify the dirnames list in-place    (e.g., via del or slice assignment), and walk will only recurse into the    subdirectories whose names remain in dirnames; this can be used to prune    the search, or to impose a specific order of visiting.  Modifying    dirnames when topdown is false is ineffective, since the directories in    dirnames have already been generated by the time dirnames itself is    generated.     By default errors from the os.listdir() call are ignored.  If    optional arg 'onerror' is specified, it should be a function; it    will be called with one argument, an os.error instance.  It can    report the error to continue with the walk, or raise the exception    to abort the walk.  Note that the filename is available as the    filename attribute of the exception object.     Caution:  if you pass a relative pathname for top, don't change the    current working directory between resumptions of walk.  walk never    changes the current directory, and assumes that the client doesn't    either.     Example:     from os.path import join, getsize    for root, dirs, files in walk('python/Lib/email'):        print root, "consumes",        print sum([getsize(join(root, name)) for name in files]),        print "bytes in", len(files), "non-directory files"        if 'CVS' in dirs:            dirs.remove('CVS')  # don't visit CVS directories    """     from os.path import join, isdir, islink     # We may not have read permission for top, in which case we can't    # get a list of the files the directory contains.  os.path.walk    # always suppressed the exception then, rather than blow up for a    # minor reason when (say) a thousand readable directories are still    # left to visit.  That logic is copied here.    try:        # Note that listdir and error are globals in this module due        # to earlier import-*.        names = listdir(top)    except error, err:        if onerror is not None:            onerror(err)        return     dirs, nondirs = [], []    for name in names:        if isdir(join(top, name)):            dirs.append(name)        else:            nondirs.append(name)     if topdown:        yield top, dirs, nondirs    for name in dirs:        path = join(top, name)        if not islink(path):            for x in walk(path, topdown, onerror):                yield x    if not topdown:        yield top, dirs, nondirs __all__.append("walk") # Make sure os.environ exists, at leasttry:    environexcept NameError:    environ = {} def execl(file, *args):    """execl(file, *args)     Execute the executable file with argument list args, replacing the    current process. """    execv(file, args) def execle(file, *args):    """execle(file, *args, env)     Execute the executable file with argument list args and    environment env, replacing the current process. """    env = args[-1]    execve(file, args[:-1], env) def execlp(file, *args):    """execlp(file, *args)     Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)    with argument list args, replacing the current process. """    execvp(file, args) def execlpe(file, *args):    """execlpe(file, *args, env)     Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)    with argument list args and environment env, replacing the current    process. """    env = args[-1]    execvpe(file, args[:-1], env) def execvp(file, args):    """execp(file, args)     Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)    with argument list args, replacing the current process.    args may be a list or tuple of strings. """    _execvpe(file, args) def execvpe(file, args, env):    """execvpe(file, args, env)     Execute the executable file (which is searched for along $PATH)    with argument list args and environment env , replacing the    current process.    args may be a list or tuple of strings. """    _execvpe(file, args, env) __all__.extend(["execl","execle","execlp","execlpe","execvp","execvpe"]) def _execvpe(file, args, env=None):    from errno import ENOENT, ENOTDIR     if env is not None:        func = execve        argrest = (args, env)    else:        func = execv        argrest = (args,)        env = environ     head, tail = path.split(file)    if head:        func(file, *argrest)        return    if 'PATH' in env:        envpath = env['PATH']    else:        envpath = defpath    PATH = envpath.split(pathsep)    saved_exc = None    saved_tb = None    for dir in PATH:        fullname = path.join(dir, file)        try:            func(fullname, *argrest)        except error, e:            tb = sys.exc_info()[2]            if (e.errno != ENOENT and e.errno != ENOTDIR                and saved_exc is None):                saved_exc = e                saved_tb = tb    if saved_exc:        raise error, saved_exc, saved_tb    raise error, e, tb # Change environ to automatically call putenv() if it existstry:    # This will fail if there's no putenv    putenvexcept NameError:    passelse:    import UserDict     # Fake unsetenv() for Windows    # not sure about os2 here but    # I'm guessing they are the same.     if name in ('os2', 'nt'):        def unsetenv(key):            putenv(key, "")     if name == "riscos":        # On RISC OS, all env access goes through getenv and putenv        from riscosenviron import _Environ    elif name in ('os2', 'nt'):  # Where Env Var Names Must Be UPPERCASE        # But we store them as upper case        class _Environ(UserDict.IterableUserDict):            def __init__(self, environ):                UserDict.UserDict.__init__(self)                data = self.data                for k, v in environ.items():                    data[k.upper()] = v            def __setitem__(self, key, item):                putenv(key, item)                self.data[key.upper()] = item            def __getitem__(self, key):                return self.data[key.upper()]            try:                unsetenv            except NameError:                def __delitem__(self, key):                    del self.data[key.upper()]            else:                def __delitem__(self, key):                    unsetenv(key)                    del self.data[key.upper()]            def has_key(self, key):                return key.upper() in self.data            def __contains__(self, key):                return key.upper() in self.data            def get(self, key, failobj=None):                return self.data.get(key.upper(), failobj)            def update(self, dict=None, **kwargs):                if dict:                    try:                        keys = dict.keys()                    except AttributeError:                        # List of (key, value)                        for k, v in dict:                            self[k] = v                    else:                        # got keys                        # cannot use items(), since mappings                        # may not have them.                        for k in keys:                            self[k] = dict[k]                if kwargs:                    self.update(kwargs)            def copy(self):                return dict(self)     else:  # Where Env Var Names Can Be Mixed Case        class _Environ(UserDict.IterableUserDict):            def __init__(self, environ):                UserDict.UserDict.__init__(self)                self.data = environ            def __setitem__(self, key, item):                putenv(key, item)                self.data[key] = item            def update(self,  dict=None, **kwargs):                if dict:                    try:                        keys = dict.keys()                    except AttributeError:                        # List of (key, value)                        for k, v in dict:                            self[k] = v                    else:                        # got keys                        # cannot use items(), since mappings                        # may not have them.                        for k in keys:                            self[k] = dict[k]                if kwargs:                    self.update(kwargs)            try:                unsetenv            except NameError:                pass            else:                def __delitem__(self, key):                    unsetenv(key)

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