#! /usr/bin/env python## Class for profiling python code. rev 1.0  6/2/94## Based on prior profile module by Sjoerd Mullender...#   which was hacked somewhat by: Guido van Rossum """Class for profiling Python code.""" # Copyright 1994, by InfoSeek Corporation, all rights reserved.# Written by James Roskind## Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this Python software# and its associated documentation for any purpose (subject to the# restriction in the following sentence) without fee is hereby granted,# provided that the above copyright notice appears in all copies, and# that both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in# supporting documentation, and that the name of InfoSeek not be used in# advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software# without specific, written prior permission.  This permission is# explicitly restricted to the copying and modification of the software# to remain in Python, compiled Python, or other languages (such as C)# wherein the modified or derived code is exclusively imported into a# Python module.## INFOSEEK CORPORATION DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS# SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND# FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL INFOSEEK CORPORATION BE LIABLE FOR ANY# SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER# RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF# CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN# CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.   import sysimport osimport timeimport marshalfrom optparse import OptionParser __all__ = ["run", "runctx", "help", "Profile"] # Sample timer for use with#i_count = 0#def integer_timer():#       global i_count#       i_count = i_count + 1#       return i_count#itimes = integer_timer # replace with C coded timer returning integers #**************************************************************************# The following are the static member functions for the profiler class# Note that an instance of Profile() is *not* needed to call them.#************************************************************************** def run(statement, filename=None, sort=-1):    """Run statement under profiler optionally saving results in filename     This function takes a single argument that can be passed to the    "exec" statement, and an optional file name.  In all cases this    routine attempts to "exec" its first argument and gather profiling    statistics from the execution. If no file name is present, then this    function automatically prints a simple profiling report, sorted by the    standard name string (file/line/function-name) that is presented in    each line.    """    prof = Profile()    try:        prof = prof.run(statement)    except SystemExit:        pass    if filename is not None:        prof.dump_stats(filename)    else:        return prof.print_stats(sort) def runctx(statement, globals, locals, filename=None):    """Run statement under profiler, supplying your own globals and locals,    optionally saving results in filename.     statement and filename have the same semantics as profile.run    """    prof = Profile()    try:        prof = prof.runctx(statement, globals, locals)    except SystemExit:        pass     if filename is not None:        prof.dump_stats(filename)    else:        return prof.print_stats() # Backwards compatibility.def help():    print "Documentation for the profile module can be found "    print "in the Python Library Reference, section 'The Python Profiler'." if os.name == "mac":    import MacOS    def _get_time_mac(timer=MacOS.GetTicks):        return timer() / 60.0 if hasattr(os, "times"):    def _get_time_times(timer=os.times):        t = timer()        return t[0] + t[1] # Using getrusage(3) is better than clock(3) if available:# on some systems (e.g. FreeBSD), getrusage has a higher resolution# Furthermore, on a POSIX system, returns microseconds, which# wrap around after 36min._has_res = 0try:    import resource    resgetrusage = lambda: resource.getrusage(resource.RUSAGE_SELF)    def _get_time_resource(timer=resgetrusage):        t = timer()        return t[0] + t[1]    _has_res = 1except ImportError:    pass class Profile:    """Profiler class.     self.cur is always a tuple.  Each such tuple corresponds to a stack    frame that is currently active (self.cur[-2]).  The following are the    definitions of its members.  We use this external "parallel stack" to    avoid contaminating the program that we are profiling. (old profiler    used to write into the frames local dictionary!!) Derived classes    can change the definition of some entries, as long as they leave    [-2:] intact (frame and previous tuple).  In case an internal error is    detected, the -3 element is used as the function name.     [ 0] = Time that needs to be charged to the parent frame's function.           It is used so that a function call will not have to access the           timing data for the parent frame.    [ 1] = Total time spent in this frame's function, excluding time in           subfunctions (this latter is tallied in cur[2]).    [ 2] = Total time spent in subfunctions, excluding time executing the           frame's function (this latter is tallied in cur[1]).    [-3] = Name of the function that corresponds to this frame.    [-2] = Actual frame that we correspond to (used to sync exception handling).    [-1] = Our parent 6-tuple (corresponds to frame.f_back).     Timing data for each function is stored as a 5-tuple in the dictionary    self.timings[].  The index is always the name stored in self.cur[-3].    The following are the definitions of the members:     [0] = The number of times this function was called, not counting direct          or indirect recursion,    [1] = Number of times this function appears on the stack, minus one    [2] = Total time spent internal to this function    [3] = Cumulative time that this function was present on the stack.  In          non-recursive functions, this is the total execution time from start          to finish of each invocation of a function, including time spent in          all subfunctions.    [4] = A dictionary indicating for each function name, the number of times          it was called by us.    """     bias = 0  # calibration constant     def __init__(self, timer=None, bias=None):        self.timings = {}        self.cur = None        self.cmd = ""        self.c_func_name = ""         if bias is None:            bias = self.bias        self.bias = bias     # Materialize in local dict for lookup speed.         if not timer:            if _has_res:                self.timer = resgetrusage                self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch                self.get_time = _get_time_resource            elif os.name == 'mac':                self.timer = MacOS.GetTicks                self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_mac                self.get_time = _get_time_mac            elif hasattr(time, 'clock'):                self.timer = self.get_time = time.clock                self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i            elif hasattr(os, 'times'):                self.timer = os.times                self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch                self.get_time = _get_time_times            else:                self.timer = self.get_time = time.time                self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i        else:            self.timer = timer            t = self.timer() # test out timer function            try:                length = len(t)            except TypeError:                self.get_time = timer                self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_i            else:                if length == 2:                    self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch                else:                    self.dispatcher = self.trace_dispatch_l                # This get_time() implementation needs to be defined                # here to capture the passed-in timer in the parameter                # list (for performance).  Note that we can't assume                # the timer() result contains two values in all                # cases.                def get_time_timer(timer=timer, sum=sum):                    return sum(timer())                self.get_time = get_time_timer        self.t = self.get_time()        self.simulate_call('profiler')     # Heavily optimized dispatch routine for os.times() timer     def trace_dispatch(self, frame, event, arg):        timer = self.timer        t = timer()        t = t[0] + t[1] - self.t - self.bias         if event == "c_call":            self.c_func_name = arg.__name__         if self.dispatch[event](self, frame,t):            t = timer()            self.t = t[0] + t[1]        else:            r = timer()            self.t = r[0] + r[1] - t # put back unrecorded delta     # Dispatch routine for best timer program (return = scalar, fastest if    # an integer but float works too -- and time.clock() relies on that).     def trace_dispatch_i(self, frame, event, arg):        timer = self.timer        t = timer() - self.t - self.bias         if event == "c_call":            self.c_func_name = arg.__name__         if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t):            self.t = timer()        else:            self.t = timer() - t  # put back unrecorded delta     # Dispatch routine for macintosh (timer returns time in ticks of    # 1/60th second)     def trace_dispatch_mac(self, frame, event, arg):        timer = self.timer        t = timer()/60.0 - self.t - self.bias         if event == "c_call":            self.c_func_name = arg.__name__         if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t):            self.t = timer()/60.0        else:            self.t = timer()/60.0 - t  # put back unrecorded delta     # SLOW generic dispatch routine for timer returning lists of numbers     def trace_dispatch_l(self, frame, event, arg):        get_time = self.get_time        t = get_time() - self.t - self.bias         if event == "c_call":            self.c_func_name = arg.__name__         if self.dispatch[event](self, frame, t):            self.t = get_time()        else:            self.t = get_time() - t # put back unrecorded delta     # In the event handlers, the first 3 elements of self.cur are unpacked    # into vrbls w/ 3-letter names.  The last two characters are meant to be    # mnemonic:    #     _pt  self.cur[0] "parent time"   time to be charged to parent frame    #     _it  self.cur[1] "internal time" time spent directly in the function    #     _et  self.cur[2] "external time" time spent in subfunctions     def trace_dispatch_exception(self, frame, t):        rpt, rit, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur = self.cur        if (rframe is not frame) and rcur:            return self.trace_dispatch_return(rframe, t)        self.cur = rpt, rit+t, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur        return 1      def trace_dispatch_call(self, frame, t):        if self.cur and frame.f_back is not self.cur[-2]:            rpt, rit, ret, rfn, rframe, rcur = self.cur            if not isinstance(rframe, Profile.fake_frame):                assert rframe.f_back is frame.f_back, ("Bad call", rfn,                                                       rframe, rframe.f_back,                                                       frame, frame.f_back)                self.trace_dispatch_return(rframe, 0)                assert (self.cur is None or \                        frame.f_back is self.cur[-2]), ("Bad call",                                                        self.cur[-3])        fcode = frame.f_code        fn = (fcode.co_filename, fcode.co_firstlineno, fcode.co_name)        self.cur = (t, 0, 0, fn, frame, self.cur)        timings = self.timings        if fn in timings:            cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[fn]            timings[fn] = cc, ns + 1, tt, ct, callers        else:            timings[fn] = 0, 0, 0, 0, {}        return 1     def trace_dispatch_c_call (self, frame, t):        fn = ("", 0, self.c_func_name)        self.cur = (t, 0, 0, fn, frame, self.cur)        timings = self.timings        if timings.has_key(fn):            cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[fn]            timings[fn] = cc, ns+1, tt, ct, callers        else:            timings[fn] = 0, 0, 0, 0, {}        return 1     def trace_dispatch_return(self, frame, t):        if frame is not self.cur[-2]:            assert frame is self.cur[-2].f_back, ("Bad return", self.cur[-3])            self.trace_dispatch_return(self.cur[-2], 0)         # Prefix "r" means part of the Returning or exiting frame.        # Prefix "p" means part of the Previous or Parent or older frame.         rpt, rit, ret, rfn, frame, rcur = self.cur        rit = rit + t        frame_total = rit + ret         ppt, pit, pet, pfn, pframe, pcur = rcur        self.cur = ppt, pit + rpt, pet + frame_total, pfn, pframe, pcur         timings = self.timings        cc, ns, tt, ct, callers = timings[rfn]        if not ns:            # This is the only occurrence of the function on the stack.            # Else this is a (directly or indirectly) recursive call, and            # its cumulative time will get updated when the topmost call to            # it returns.            ct = ct + frame_total            cc = cc + 1         if pfn in callers:            callers[pfn] = callers[pfn] + 1  # hack: gather more            # stats such as the amount of time added to ct courtesy            # of this specific call, and the contribution to cc            # courtesy of this call.        else:            callers[pfn] = 1         timings[rfn] = cc, ns - 1, tt + rit, ct, callers         return 1      dispatch = {        "call": trace_dispatch_call,        "exception": trace_dispatch_exception,        "return": trace_dispatch_return,        "c_call": trace_dispatch_c_call,        "c_exception": trace_dispatch_return,  # the C function returned        "c_return": trace_dispatch_return,        }      # The next few functions play with self.cmd. By carefully preloading    # our parallel stack, we can force the profiled result to include    # an arbitrary string as the name of the calling function.    # We use self.cmd as that string, and the resulting stats look    # very nice :-).     def set_cmd(self, cmd):        if self.cur[-1]: return   # already set        self.cmd = cmd        self.simulate_call(cmd)     class fake_code:        def __init__(self, filename, line, name):            self.co_filename = filename            self.co_line = line            self.co_name = name            self.co_firstlineno = 0         def __repr__(self):            return repr((self.co_filename, self.co_line, self.co_name))     class fake_frame:        def __init__(self, code, prior):            self.f_code = code            self.f_back = prior     def simulate_call(self, name):        code = self.fake_code('profile', 0, name)        if self.cur:            pframe = self.cur[-2]        else:            pframe = None        frame = self.fake_frame(code, pframe)        self.dispatch['call'](self, frame, 0)     # collect stats from pending stack, including getting final    # timings for self.cmd frame.     def simulate_cmd_complete(self):        get_time = self.get_time        t = get_time() - self.t        while self.cur[-1]:            # We *can* cause assertion errors here if            # dispatch_trace_return checks for a frame match!            self.dispatch['return'](self, self.cur[-2], t)            t = 0        self.t = get_time() - t      def print_stats(self, sort=-1):        import pstats        pstats.Stats(self).strip_dirs().sort_stats(sort). \                  print_stats()     def dump_stats(self, file):        f = open(file, 'wb')        self.create_stats()        marshal.dump(self.stats, f)        f.close()     def create_stats(self):        self.simulate_cmd_complete()        self.snapshot_stats()     def snapshot_stats(self):        self.stats = {}        for func, (cc, ns, tt, ct, callers) in self.timings.iteritems():            callers = callers.copy()            nc = 0            for callcnt in callers.itervalues():                nc += callcnt            self.stats[func] = cc, nc, tt, ct, callers      # The following two methods can be called by clients to use    # a profiler to profile a statement, given as a string.     def run(self, cmd):        import __main__        dict = __main__.__dict__        return self.runctx(cmd, dict, dict)     def runctx(self, cmd, globals, locals):        self.set_cmd(cmd)        sys.setprofile(self.dispatcher)        try:            exec cmd in globals, locals        finally:            sys.setprofile(None)        return self     # This method is more useful to profile a single function call.    def runcall(self, func, *args, **kw):        self.set_cmd(repr(func))        sys.setprofile(self.dispatcher)        try:            return func(*args, **kw)        finally:            sys.setprofile(None)      #******************************************************************    # The following calculates the overhead for using a profiler.  The    # problem is that it takes a fair amount of time for the profiler    # to stop the stopwatch (from the time it receives an event).    # Similarly, there is a delay from the time that the profiler    # re-starts the stopwatch before the user's code really gets to    # continue.  The following code tries to measure the difference on    # a per-event basis.    #    # Note that this difference is only significant if there are a lot of    # events, and relatively little user code per event.  For example,    # code with small functions will typically benefit from having the    # profiler calibrated for the current platform.  This *could* be    # done on the fly during init() time, but it is not worth the    # effort.  Also note that if too large a value specified, then    # execution time on some functions will actually appear as a    # negative number.  It is *normal* for some functions (with very    # low call counts) to have such negative stats, even if the    # calibration figure is "correct."    #    # One alternative to profile-time calibration adjustments (i.e.,    # adding in the magic little delta during each event) is to track    # more carefully the number of events (and cumulatively, the number    # of events during sub functions) that are seen.  If this were

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