"""A collection of string operations (most are no longer used). Warning: most of the code you see here isn't normally used nowadays.Beginning with Python 1.6, many of these functions are implemented asmethods on the standard string object. They used to be implemented bya built-in module called strop, but strop is now obsolete itself. Public module variables: whitespace -- a string containing all characters considered whitespacelowercase -- a string containing all characters considered lowercase lettersuppercase -- a string containing all characters considered uppercase lettersletters -- a string containing all characters considered lettersdigits -- a string containing all characters considered decimal digitshexdigits -- a string containing all characters considered hexadecimal digitsoctdigits -- a string containing all characters considered octal digitspunctuation -- a string containing all characters considered punctuationprintable -- a string containing all characters considered printable """ # Some strings for ctype-style character classificationwhitespace = ' \t\n\r\v\f'lowercase = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'uppercase = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'letters = lowercase + uppercaseascii_lowercase = lowercaseascii_uppercase = uppercaseascii_letters = ascii_lowercase + ascii_uppercasedigits = '0123456789'hexdigits = digits + 'abcdef' + 'ABCDEF'octdigits = '01234567'punctuation = """!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~"""printable = digits + letters + punctuation + whitespace # Case conversion helpers# Use str to convert Unicode literal in case of -Ul = map(chr, xrange(256))_idmap = str('').join(l)del l # Functions which aren't available as string methods. # Capitalize the words in a string, e.g. " aBc  dEf " -> "Abc Def".def capwords(s, sep=None):    """capwords(s, [sep]) -> string     Split the argument into words using split, capitalize each    word using capitalize, and join the capitalized words using    join. Note that this replaces runs of whitespace characters by    a single space.     """    return (sep or ' ').join([x.capitalize() for x in s.split(sep)])  # Construct a translation string_idmapL = Nonedef maketrans(fromstr, tostr):    """maketrans(frm, to) -> string     Return a translation table (a string of 256 bytes long)    suitable for use in string.translate.  The strings frm and to    must be of the same length.     """    if len(fromstr) != len(tostr):        raise ValueError, "maketrans arguments must have same length"    global _idmapL    if not _idmapL:        _idmapL = map(None, _idmap)    L = _idmapL[:]    fromstr = map(ord, fromstr)    for i in range(len(fromstr)):        L[fromstr[i]] = tostr[i]    return ''.join(L)   ####################################################################import re as _re class _multimap:    """Helper class for combining multiple mappings.     Used by .{safe_,}substitute() to combine the mapping and keyword    arguments.    """    def __init__(self, primary, secondary):        self._primary = primary        self._secondary = secondary     def __getitem__(self, key):        try:            return self._primary[key]        except KeyError:            return self._secondary[key]  class _TemplateMetaclass(type):    pattern = r"""    %(delim)s(?:      (?P<escaped>%(delim)s) |   # Escape sequence of two delimiters      (?P<named>%(id)s)      |   # delimiter and a Python identifier      {(?P<braced>%(id)s)}   |   # delimiter and a braced identifier      (?P<invalid>)              # Other ill-formed delimiter exprs    )    """     def __init__(cls, name, bases, dct):        super(_TemplateMetaclass, cls).__init__(name, bases, dct)        if 'pattern' in dct:            pattern = cls.pattern        else:            pattern = _TemplateMetaclass.pattern % {                'delim' : _re.escape(cls.delimiter),                'id'    : cls.idpattern,                }        cls.pattern = _re.compile(pattern, _re.IGNORECASE | _re.VERBOSE)  class Template:    """A string class for supporting $-substitutions."""    __metaclass__ = _TemplateMetaclass     delimiter = '$'    idpattern = r'[_a-z][_a-z0-9]*'     def __init__(self, template):        self.template = template     # Search for $$, $identifier, ${identifier}, and any bare $'s     def _invalid(self, mo):        i = mo.start('invalid')        lines = self.template[:i].splitlines(True)        if not lines:            colno = 1            lineno = 1        else:            colno = i - len(''.join(lines[:-1]))            lineno = len(lines)        raise ValueError('Invalid placeholder in string: line %d, col %d' %                         (lineno, colno))     def substitute(self, *args, **kws):        if len(args) > 1:            raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')        if not args:            mapping = kws        elif kws:            mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])        else:            mapping = args[0]        # Helper function for .sub()        def convert(mo):            # Check the most common path first.            named = mo.group('named') or mo.group('braced')            if named is not None:                val = mapping[named]                # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter will                # fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII characters.                return '%s' % (val,)            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:                return self.delimiter            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:                self._invalid(mo)            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',                             self.pattern)        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)     def safe_substitute(self, *args, **kws):        if len(args) > 1:            raise TypeError('Too many positional arguments')        if not args:            mapping = kws        elif kws:            mapping = _multimap(kws, args[0])        else:            mapping = args[0]        # Helper function for .sub()        def convert(mo):            named = mo.group('named')            if named is not None:                try:                    # We use this idiom instead of str() because the latter                    # will fail if val is a Unicode containing non-ASCII                    return '%s' % (mapping[named],)                except KeyError:                    return self.delimiter + named            braced = mo.group('braced')            if braced is not None:                try:                    return '%s' % (mapping[braced],)                except KeyError:                    return self.delimiter + '{' + braced + '}'            if mo.group('escaped') is not None:                return self.delimiter            if mo.group('invalid') is not None:                return self.delimiter            raise ValueError('Unrecognized named group in pattern',                             self.pattern)        return self.pattern.sub(convert, self.template)   ##################################################################### NOTE: Everything below here is deprecated.  Use string methods instead.# This stuff will go away in Python 3.0. # Backward compatible names for exceptionsindex_error = ValueErroratoi_error = ValueErroratof_error = ValueErroratol_error = ValueError # convert UPPER CASE letters to lower casedef lower(s):    """lower(s) -> string     Return a copy of the string s converted to lowercase.     """    return s.lower() # Convert lower case letters to UPPER CASEdef upper(s):    """upper(s) -> string     Return a copy of the string s converted to uppercase.     """    return s.upper() # Swap lower case letters and UPPER CASEdef swapcase(s):    """swapcase(s) -> string     Return a copy of the string s with upper case characters    converted to lowercase and vice versa.     """    return s.swapcase() # Strip leading and trailing tabs and spacesdef strip(s, chars=None):    """strip(s [,chars]) -> string     Return a copy of the string s with leading and trailing    whitespace removed.    If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.    If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping.     """    return s.strip(chars) # Strip leading tabs and spacesdef lstrip(s, chars=None):    """lstrip(s [,chars]) -> string     Return a copy of the string s with leading whitespace removed.    If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.     """    return s.lstrip(chars) # Strip trailing tabs and spacesdef rstrip(s, chars=None):    """rstrip(s [,chars]) -> string     Return a copy of the string s with trailing whitespace removed.    If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead.     """    return s.rstrip(chars)  # Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated wordsdef split(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):    """split(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings     Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the    delimiter string.  If maxsplit is given, splits at no more than    maxsplit places (resulting in at most maxsplit+1 words).  If sep    is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.     (split and splitfields are synonymous)     """    return s.split(sep, maxsplit)splitfields = split # Split a string into a list of space/tab-separated wordsdef rsplit(s, sep=None, maxsplit=-1):    """rsplit(s [,sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings     Return a list of the words in the string s, using sep as the    delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working    to the front.  If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are    done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string    is a separator.    """    return s.rsplit(sep, maxsplit) # Join fields with optional separatordef join(words, sep = ' '):    """join(list [,sep]) -> string     Return a string composed of the words in list, with    intervening occurrences of sep.  The default separator is a    single space.     (joinfields and join are synonymous)     """    return sep.join(words)joinfields = join # Find substring, raise exception if not founddef index(s, *args):    """index(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int     Like find but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.     """    return s.index(*args) # Find last substring, raise exception if not founddef rindex(s, *args):    """rindex(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int     Like rfind but raises ValueError when the substring is not found.     """    return s.rindex(*args) # Count non-overlapping occurrences of substringdef count(s, *args):    """count(s, sub[, start[,end]]) -> int     Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string    s[start:end].  Optional arguments start and end are    interpreted as in slice notation.     """    return s.count(*args) # Find substring, return -1 if not founddef find(s, *args):    """find(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> in     Return the lowest index in s where substring sub is found,    such that sub is contained within s[start,end].  Optional    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.     Return -1 on failure.     """    return s.find(*args) # Find last substring, return -1 if not founddef rfind(s, *args):    """rfind(s, sub [,start [,end]]) -> int     Return the highest index in s where substring sub is found,    such that sub is contained within s[start,end].  Optional    arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.     Return -1 on failure.     """    return s.rfind(*args) # for a bit of speed_float = float_int = int_long = long # Convert string to floatdef atof(s):    """atof(s) -> float     Return the floating point number represented by the string s.     """    return _float(s)  # Convert string to integerdef atoi(s , base=10):    """atoi(s [,base]) -> int     Return the integer represented by the string s in the given    base, which defaults to 10.  The string s must consist of one    or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign.  If base is 0, it    is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for octal, 0x or    0X for hexadecimal.  If base is 16, a preceding 0x or 0X is    accepted.     """    return _int(s, base)  # Convert string to long integerdef atol(s, base=10):    """atol(s [,base]) -> long     Return the long integer represented by the string s in the    given base, which defaults to 10.  The string s must consist    of one or more digits, possibly preceded by a sign.  If base    is 0, it is chosen from the leading characters of s, 0 for    octal, 0x or 0X for hexadecimal.  If base is 16, a preceding    0x or 0X is accepted.  A trailing L or l is not accepted,    unless base is 0.     """    return _long(s, base)  # Left-justify a stringdef ljust(s, width, *args):    """ljust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string     Return a left-justified version of s, in a field of the    specified width, padded with spaces as needed.  The string is    never truncated.  If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.     """    return s.ljust(width, *args) # Right-justify a stringdef rjust(s, width, *args):    """rjust(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string     Return a right-justified version of s, in a field of the    specified width, padded with spaces as needed.  The string is    never truncated.  If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.     """    return s.rjust(width, *args) # Center a stringdef center(s, width, *args):    """center(s, width[, fillchar]) -> string     Return a center version of s, in a field of the specified    width. padded with spaces as needed.  The string is never    truncated.  If specified the fillchar is used instead of spaces.     """    return s.center(width, *args) # Zero-fill a number, e.g., (12, 3) --> '012' and (-3, 3) --> '-03'# Decadent feature: the argument may be a string or a number# (Use of this is deprecated; it should be a string as with ljust c.s.)def zfill(x, width):    """zfill(x, width) -> string     Pad a numeric string x with zeros on the left, to fill a field    of the specified width.  The string x is never truncated.     """    if not isinstance(x, basestring):        x = repr(x)    return x.zfill(width) # Expand tabs in a string.# Doesn't take non-printing chars into account, but does understand \n.def expandtabs(s, tabsize=8):    """expandtabs(s [,tabsize]) -> string     Return a copy of the string s with all tab characters replaced    by the appropriate number of spaces, depending on the current    column, and the tabsize (default 8).     """    return s.expandtabs(tabsize) # Character translation through look-up table.def translate(s, table, deletions=""):    """translate(s,table [,deletions]) -> string     Return a copy of the string s, where all characters occurring    in the optional argument deletions are removed, and the    remaining characters have been mapped through the given    translation table, which must be a string of length 256.  The    deletions argument is not allowed for Unicode strings.     """    if deletions:        return s.translate(table, deletions)    else:        # Add s[:0] so that if s is Unicode and table is an 8-bit string,        # table is converted to Unicode.  This means that table *cannot*        # be a dictionary -- for that feature, use u.translate() directly.        return s.translate(table + s[:0]) # Capitalize a string, e.g. "aBc  dEf" -> "Abc  def".def capitalize(s):    """capitalize(s) -> string

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